Chakavanzika cheMatombo Anozvifambisa muDeath Valley

Geologists Jim McAllister naAllen Agnew vakawana muna 1948 a chinoshamisa chiitiko vane zvisingazivikanwi zvakafadza uye zvakashamisa masayendisiti munyika yose kweanopfuura hafu yezana remakore. Isu tinoreva iyo matombo anofamba ari oga in the Death Valley, iri muCalifornia. Chiitiko ichi chinoitika mune imwe yenzvimbo dzakashata kwazvo paPasi, inozivikanwa nekupisa kwayo kwakanyanya uye nzvimbo yakaoma, izvo zvakakonzera aura yayo yechakavanzika.

Pakutanga, fungidziro yainyanyozivikanwa yaive yekuti mhepo yaikonzeresa kuti matombo afambe munzvimbo huru ine jecha, yaimbova pasi pedhamu. Zvisinei, dzidziso iyi yakakurumidza kurambwa, sezvo trajectories Mafambiro ematombo anowanzo pindirana opindirana, chimwe chinhu chaisazoitika kudai mhepo ndiyo yainyanya kuita basa rekufamba.

Kwemakore, ongororo dzakawanda dzakaitwa kuedza kuburitsa chakavanzika che matombo anofamba ari oga. Nekudaro, kuferefeta uku kwakasiya mibvunzo yakawanda kupfuura mhinduro, uye kusvika parizvino, hapana vhidhiyo yechiitiko ichi yatorwa. Kutsvakurudza kwakatungamirira kudzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva pakupindira kwemasimba makuru kusvika kune dzimwe tsananguro dzine musoro dzinobva pane zvakaitika.

Mafungiro anogamuchirwa zvakanyanya kusvika nhasi anobata kuti matombo anotsvedza mugwenga machira echando iyo inoumbwa pasi pevhu nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo. Chiitiko ichi chinowanzoitika munguva yechando, apo mhepo inotonhora inoita kuti mvura yezuva rapfuura iite chando, ichiita chando chitete chinobvumira matombo kutsvedza, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvisinganyatsotsananguri kuti nei mamwe matombo achichinja chimiro. nhungamiro kana kudzokera shure nenzira dzatotorwa kare.

Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza kuti matombo anogona kukurumidza kufamba kwavo kusvika 2 metres pasekondi, asi kumhanya uku kwakaoma kuona pasina kushandisa tekinoroji yepamusoro. Vatsvagiri paColumbia University vanga vachitungamira nhamburiko dzekutora kufamba kwematombo, kuisa michina yekutevera uye makamera kurekodha chero chiitiko. Mhinduro yekupedzisira kune enigma iyi inogona kunge isiri kure sezvaimbofungwa, uye zuva rega rega inhanho yekuswedera pakugadzirisa chiitiko ichi.

Matombo ari muDeath Valley, kunyanya munzvimbo inozivikanwa se Racetrack Playa, chave chiri chinhu chinofadza kubvira mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19. Vagari vemo vakazviona kuti vakawanda matombo akasiya miforo pasi, zvichireva kuti vakanga vatama. Zvisinei, chiitiko chacho chakaramba chisina kutsanangurwa kweanopfuura zana remakore. Yakanga iri muna 2014 kuti chidzidzo chakaitwa icho chakazoona kufamba kwematombo munguva chaiyo.

Mamwe mashoko akabuda muongororo iyi anoratidza kuti kusanganiswa kwemvura, chando, nemhepo ndiko kunofambisa chiitiko ichi. Munguva yechando, mvura inonaya inoumba madziva anoshanduka kuita aizi sezvo tembiricha inodonha usiku. Aizi iyi inoita kuti pave nemhoteredzo inenge isina kukweshana, zvichiita kuti kamhepo kakati chechetere kufambise matombo, ayo anogona kutsvedza kwenhambo huru. Pane chimwe chiitiko chakanyorwa, mamwe matombo akaonekwa kuti akaenda kure 224 mamita mumatanho akawanda.

Kukwanisa kwematombo kufamba munzira dzakadaro dzinoratidzika kuva dzechienzi kwakatungamirira kudzidziso dzakanyanyisa dzakawedzera kungano dzawo. Vamwe vakafunga kuti vanogona kunge vakadhonzwa zvekunze, nepo vamwe vachishamisika kana chiitiko ichi chiri mugumisiro wesimba remagineti kana kuti mamiriro ekunze asati amboonekwa. Zvisinei, vesainzi vakakakavadzana dzidziso idzi, vachitarisa nezvekudyidzana pakati peaizi nemhepo semutyairi mukuru kumashure kwekufamba kwematombo.

Chidzidzo chambotaurwa chakaongororawo kuti chimiro chematombo chinokanganisa sei nzira yavo. Semuenzaniso, matombo ane nzvimbo dzakashama anosiya nzira dzakatwasuka, nepo matombo akatsetseka achitsvaga nzira dzinomonereka. Iyi nzira yakasiyana-siyana inopa vatsvakurudzi zvakawanda zviratidzo nezvekuti sei uye sei matombo anofamba nenzira yavanoita.

Zvisinei, chakavanzika chaicho hachingori mukufamba kwematombo, asiwo munharaunda yeDeath Valley pachayo. Iyi ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanyisa pasi pano, ine tembiricha inogona kudarika 56 madhigirii Celsius, zvichiita kuti ive mhoteredzo ine utsinye nokuda kwoupenyu. Kunaya kwemvura kushoma, izvo zvinoita kuti nyika yakaoma uye kushaikwa kwezvinomera. Izvi zvinoita kuti chiitiko chematombo anodzungaira awedzere kushamisa, sezvo hupenyu munzvimbo ino hwakaoma.

Nyanzvi dzeGeologist dzinoramba dzichiongorora nhoroondo ye geological yedunhu rino, sezvo Racetrack Playa yaive mubhedha wekare wegungwa waivapo zviuru zvemakore apfuura. Zvidzidzo zvakaona kuti matombo, anoumbwa nezvinhu zvakadai dolomite y syenite, zvave zviri munharaunda yacho kwemamiriyoni emakore, chigadzirwa chekukukurwa kwakaitika mumakomo akapoteredza. Death Valley, pamwe chete neayo matombo anofamba-famba, yave nzvimbo yekufarira kune vese vashanyi uye masayendisiti.

Mumunda wechiitiko, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise maitiro enyama ematombo uye ivhu ravanozorora. Kunyanya kupisa kwemupata uyu kunoita kuti pave nekukura kwevhu kusingangogadziri matombo chete asiwo kunokanganisa mafambiro aanoita. Sezvo zvinhu izvi zviri kuramba zvichiongororwa, mimwe mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pechiitiko ichi, zvichiita kuti Death Valley ive nzvimbo inoenderera mberi yekutsvaga nekutsvaga.

Pamusoro pechiitiko chayo chine mukurumbira chematombo anotsvedza, Death Valley ine zvimwe zvinokwezva zvinokwezva vashanyi kubva kutenderera pasirese. Nekumashure kwenzvimbo yaro yakaoma, nzvimbo huru, uye mhuka dzesango dzinoshomeka, mupata inzvimbo iyo zvishamiso zvakasikwa zvinogona kuongororwa nekuyemurwa. Kubva kunzvimbo yakaderera muNorth America, bheseni re Badwater, kusvika kumipata nemakomo akapoteredza bani guru rerenje, kona iri yose yakanyura munhau uye geology yakasiyana.

Sechimwe chinhu chekuwedzera, tsika yakakurumbira yakatemera Death Valley mupfungwa dzevazhinji senzvimbo yechakavanzika uye inofadza. Pfungwa yekuti matombo anofamba ega akafuridzira nyaya uye dzidziso dzinowedzera kuda kuziva nezvenzvimbo iyi yakasarudzika. Mutsika dzakakurumbira, izvi zviitiko zvakashandiswa mumafirimu, mabhuku, uye zvinyorwa, zvichiratidza kuenderera mberi kwechido mune zvakavanzika zvakatikomberedza. Masayendisiti anochengetedza kuenzanisa pakati pekunakidzwa nezvisingazivikanwe uye kutsvaga mhinduro kuburikidza nekutsvaga nekudzidza.

Death Valley haingori nzvimbo yekuona matombo achifamba, asi inzvimbo iyo sainzi nezvisikwa zvinosangana mune yakasarudzika uye inoburitsa chiratidziro. Matombo, kunyange zvazvo asina upenyu, anopa nzwisiso mumaitirwo enzvimbo akaumba pasi redu kwemamiriyoni emakore uye anoenderera mberi achidaro.

Kupfuura runako rwayo rwechisikigo uye zvakavanzika, Death Valley inomiririra chikamu chakakosha chenyika yedu, ichitidzidzisa nezvekusimba kwechisikigo mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa uye kuchengetedza mweya wekuongorora kwevanhu.

• Matombo anofamba ega anofambiswa nekusanganiswa kweaizi nemhepo.
• Chiitiko ichi chakadzidzwa kubvira 1948, asi kutarisa kwayo pavhidhiyo kwakawanikwa kekutanga muna 2013.
• Mupata ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanyisa pasi pano maererano nekupisa uye kushomeka kwemvura.
• Chimiro uye kurema kwematombo kunokanganisa nzira yavo yekufamba.