ari mvura dzemugungwa dzemakondinendi kana mafungu egungwa, anozivikanwa sechinhu chekufamba kwemvura inoumba makungwa nemakungwa makuru uye inonzi inokonzerwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kutenderera kweNyika, mhepo, uye nzvimbo yemakondinendi. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakuudza nezve kondinendi yegungwa mafungu, maitiro avo, mhando, uye zvikonzero.
Chii chinonzi marine currents emakondinendi
Mvura yegungwa inowanzobatanidza mhomho yemvura inodziya uye inotonhora, inobatanidza nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemamiriro ekunze pasi rose, ichiyerera pamusoro uye pasi pegungwa:
- rwizi runodziya. Idzi imvura dzepamusoro dzinotangira mumakungwa enzvimbo dzinopisa, dzinotama kubva kumhenderekedzo yekumabvazuva kwemakondinendi kuenda pakati-yakakwirira latitudes, dzichipesana nekutenderera kwePasi, uye dzinongoitika kuchamhembe kwehemisphere.
- rukova runotonhora. Imvura inotonhora uye yakadzika inokwira munzvimbo dzinopisa kana kuti subtropics uye inobhadhara mvura inodziya sezvainosvika kumhenderekedzo yekumadokero kwekondinendi. Izvo chete kune nzvimbo yeArctic, nekuti munharaunda yeAntarctic kune mashoma mashoma edenderedzwa anotenderedza mapango.
Kufamba kwenguva dzose kwemafungu egungwa aya kutenderera pasirese kunochengetedza kutenderera kwesimba uye kupisa kwePasi, zvichikonzera nhevedzano yemamiriro ekunze akanyanya kana kushoma kune dzimwe nzvimbo, sekuoma kwemamiriro ekunze ekumahombekombe ekumadokero kwedunhu. Mhenderekedzo yekumadokero yepakati-yakakwirira latitude kondinendi ine inodziya uye yakanyorova subtropical mamiriro ekunze. Zvimwe chetezvo ndezvechokwadi nezvemwero wemunyu wemvura yomugungwa. Kutenderera uku kwakabatanidzwa kunozivikanwa seglobal thermohaline circulation. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve maitiro aya, unogona kuongorora zvakasiyana-siyana zvemvura yegungwa.
Mhando dzemvura dzegungwa dzemakondinendi
Zvinoenderana nehunhu hwazvino, tinogona kutaura nezve anotevera marudzi ezvino:
- Mafungu egungwa: Vanoratidza kufamba kunogara kuchiitwa nekutenderera kwePasi, kazhinji munzira yekumabvazuva-kumadokero munzvimbo dzinopisa, kana kune imwe nzira iri pakati nepakati kana yakakwirira-latitude.
- mafungu emvura: Periodic makungwa anotenderera zuva nezuva, achigadzira kudhonza kwemwedzi nezuva pamusoro (kureva mvura inodziya). Dzinofambisa mvura zhinji kubva kuchamhembe kuenda kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere uye zvakasiyana.
- Wave currents: Izvo zvinogadzirwa nemhepo (kunyanya madutu kana madutu), zvinoitika pamusoro pemvura, uye zvine simba shoma.
- Longshore drift currents: Zvinobva mukusangana kwemafungu egungwa nemahombekombe egungwa, izvo zvinovamanikidza kuti vachinje nzira yavo kana nzira.
- Density currents: Idzo mvura dzinobva munzvimbo yekubatana pakati pemvura zhinji yemhando dzakasiyana, semvura yemunyu mukuru kana mudiki, kana yekushisa kukuru kana kushoma. Anowanzo kuwanikwa mumatambudziko pakati pemakungwa akasiyana, pamwe neaxis equatorial kana pamwe neArctic Circle.
Maumbirwo avo
Madziva akaumbwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira tembiricha yemvura, mhepo, kutenderera kweNyika, uye nzvimbo iri pasi pemvura. Izvo zvinokonzerwa nekudyidzana kwakaoma pakati petembiricha yemvura, mhepo, kutenderera kweNyika, uye mamiriro epasi pemvura.
Chimwe chezvikuru zvinokonzeresa mafambiro emugungwa musiyano wekupisa kwemvura pakati peequator nemapango. Mvura inodziya iri pedyo neequator inowanzofamba ichienda kumatanda, nepo mvura inotonhora iri pamatanda inofamba ichienda kuequator. Mafungu aya anonzi thermohaline currents. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezvekuti mafungu aya anokanganisa sei mamiriro ekunze, ona Gulf Stream uye simba rayo.
Mhepo inokanganisawo kuumbwa kwemhepo yemugungwa. Mhepo ine simba inosundira pamusoro pemvura mune imwe nzira, ichigadzira mafungu. Mafambiro emvura yemugungwa anokanganiswawo nekutenderera kwePasi, zvichikonzera mafambiro anoenderana newachi muNorthern Hemisphere uye mafungu anoenderana newachi kuMaodzanyemba kweHemisphere.
Underwater topography inoitawo basa rakakosha mukuumbwa kwemvura yemugungwa. Mvura yegungwa inogona kufamba-famba pakadzika kwemvura uye kutevera chimiro chemahombekombe. Mafungu emugungwa anoumba pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa anonzi marefu emahombekombe egungwa uye anogona kunyanya kusimba munzvimbo dzisina kuenzana pasi pemvura. Mukuwedzera, migumisiro yemazuva ano inogona kuva yakakosha mumatunhu ane yakakwirira maritime transit.
Zvikonzero zvemvura yegungwa yemakondinendi
Zvitatu zvinonyanya kukosha zvinokonzeresa mafungu egungwa ndezvi:
- kufamba kwenyika: Zvose shanduro uye kutenderera kwepasi kunokonzera kufamba kunoramba kuripo kwemvura zhinji, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kacho kufamba kwayo kunopesana nekutenderera kweNyika.
- mhepo dzepasi. Mhepo hadzikonzere mafungu zvakananga, asi dzinoita kuti dziite, kwete chete nekubvisa mvura yepasi (sesaisai), asiwo nekuunganidza simba rekupisa mumhepo kuti ritenderere kuburikidza nenharaunda, zvichikanganisa masaisai.
- Kusimudzwa kwemvura inotonhora. Mvura yakadzika yegungwa inotonhora nekuti yakatsikirira uye ine simba shoma. Idzi mvura dzemugungwa dzinokwira kumusoro munzvimbo chaidzo dzenzvimbo dzinopisa, dzichisunda mvura inodziya mberi.
Kukosha kwemvura yegungwa yemakondinendi
Izvi ndizvo zvikonzero nei mafambiro emugungwa emakondinendi akakosha zvakanyanya pachiyero chepasi:
- Izvo zvakakosha kuti nyanzvi dzehunyanzvi uye dzevaraidzo vajairane nemhando dzese dzemhepo uye maitiro avo kuitira kudzivirira njodzi dzine chekuita nekusveta.
- Vafambisi vezvikepe veOlympic kana vanoshambira mvura yakavhurika vanoshandisa ikozvino kuchengetedza kumhanya uye kuchengetedza simba.
- mafungu egungwa zvakare dzakanakira kutakura uye kutengeserana nekuti kutungamira kwakafanana kwemhepo kusunda uye masaisai anoderedza mutengo wemafuta ekufambisa.
- Chimwe chinhu chakakosha kuziva nezvemafungu egungwa ndechekuti anogadzirisa mamiriro ekunze pasirese uye anobatsira kuchengetedza hutano hwakasiyana-siyana hwezvipenyu hwemugungwa, hwaunogona kuverenga nezvahwo zvakadzama muchinyorwa chino. nyaya yehupenyu hwemugungwa.
- Kutakurwa kwezvinovaka muviri kunopfumisa mvura uye kunowedzera kusiyana kwemarudzi. Saizvozvowo, kutonhora uye kudziya kwemhepo kwakakosha pakutama kwemarudzi akawanda emugungwa.
- Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti mafungu egungwa anogona kushandiswa kugadzira simba remugungwa. Ichi chinhu chichiri kuongororwa uye kuongororwa.
Zvaunofanira kuita kana ukatorwa nemhepo
Mafungu ane ngozi zvikuru mafungu anotsemuka, kana kuti mafungu, nokuti anogona kukwevera vanoshambira kunzvimbo dzakadzika zvikuru kure nemhenderekedzo. Hadzisi kuonekwa nguva dzose sezvo dzichienderana nekujeka kwemvura uye rudzi rwemvura.
Iro chete zano rekuvimbisa hupenyu kurangarira murairo wekutanga: kushambira nekukasira chero pakatarisana nemahombekombe, sezvo mafunguro aya kana nzira dzakamanikana, kazhinji haipfuuri 10 metres.
Kana tikatuhwina tichienda mberi, ndiko kuti, tinofamba nechikepe tichipikisana nemhepo, hatizombofa takasvika. Simba remvura rinongotipfekedza kure kubva kumahombekombe. Nokudaro, kutya kunoderedza mikana yekupona.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemvura yegungwa yemakondinendi uye maitiro avo.
