Nitrogen chinhu chemakemikari chinowanikwa mumasikirwo muchimiro che diatomic gasi, zvichireva kuti inoumbwa nemaatomu maviri enitrogen akabatana (N₂). Chiratidzo chayo patafura ye periodic ndi "N," uye ndicho chikamu chikuru chemhepo yePasi, inoumba inenge 78% yekuumbwa kwayo. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive gasi rakawanda kwazvo mumhepo yedu. Vanhu vazhinji havazivi kuti chii nitrogen zvinhu.
Nokudaro, tichazotsaurira chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze kuti ndezvipi zvakakosha zve nitrogen, maitiro ayo uye kukosha.
Mhando huru
Chinhu chakakosha chenitrogen hunhu hwayo hwekusanhuhwirira uye inert. Patembiricha yemumba uye nemamiriro akajairika ekumanikidza, nitrogen igasi risina ruvara uye risinganakidze. Uku kushaikwa kwekuita zvekare kunoita kuti ive yakakosha mune akawanda maindasitiri ekushandisa, senge kutonhora nekuchengetedzwa kwechikafu nezvinhu. Mukuwedzera, nitrogen inobata basa rakakosha mukugadzira kutenderera kwe nitrogen, kubvumira zvipenyu kuwana chinhu ichi chinokosha, pamwe chete nekugadzirwa kwefetereza.
Kunyange zvazvo nitrogen yakakosha paupenyu paPasi, nitrogen yemuchadenga muchimiro chayo chine gasi haigoni kushandiswa zvakananga nezvisikwa zvipenyu. Kuti zvipenyu zvitore mukana wechinhu ichi, chinofanira kutanga chashandurwa kuita soluble and assimible nitrogenous compounds. Izvi zvinoitika nekuda kwemaitiro akaita senitrogen kugadzirisa, uko mamwe marudzi ebhakitiriya nezvirimwa zvinogona kushandura nitrogen yemumhepo kuita mafomu anobatsira, senge nitrate nemapuroteni.
Mune maindasitiri mazwi, liquid nitrogen inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekutonhora, senge cryopreservation yebiological samples uye kupisa kunopisa zvinhu. Pamusoro pezvo, nitrogen chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari mazhinji, kusanganisira mafetireza, ayo akakosha pakuvandudza goho rekurima. uye kukura kwechirimwa.
Nitrogen properties
Zvenyama zve nitrogen
Nitrogen igasi risina kunhuwa, risina ruvara uye risingaravi rinoita 78% yemhepo yatinofema. Iyo isiri metal ine gasi pane zvakajairika kumanikidza uye tembiricha. Kunyungudika kwayo i -210°C uye nzvimbo yekuvira kwayo i -195,79°C. Kune rumwe rutivi, ine density ye 1,25046 kg / m3 uye haisi yakanaka conductor yemagetsi kana kupisa. Mukuwedzera, zvakakosha kufunga kuchinja kwemakemikari izvo zvinogona kuitika mudunhu rako, kusanganisira zvivakwa zvavo uye mashandisirwo.
nitrogen isotopes
Isotopi dzakagadzikana dzenitrogen i14N uye 15N, yekutanga ichinyanya kuwanda kupfuura yekupedzisira. Mukuwedzera, mamwe ma-radioactive isotopes akadai se12N, 13N, 16N uye 17N anogona kuwanikwa, ayo akakosha mumhando dzakasiyana dzesainzi.
atomic properties
- Huremu hweatomu: 14,0067 amu (atomic mass unit)
- Nhamba yeatomu: 7
- Chiratidzo: N
- Atomic radius: 56 pm (picometer)
- Oxidation mamiriro: -3, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5
Nitrogen accumulation status
Muzvisikwa, nitrogen iripo munzvimbo ine gasi. Zvisinei, vanhu vakakwanisa kushandura nyika iyi kuita zvinwiwa uye zvinyoro kuburikidza nekuchinja kwetembiricha uye kudzvanywa. Kunyangwe kushandiswa kwayo kwakanyanya kuri muchimiro chemvura, zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti mvura nitrogen inofanirwa kungoshandiswa kune zvimwe zvinangwa uye nekuchenjerera kwakakodzera. Nekuda kwekudzika kwayo kwemvura tembiricha, inogona kukuvadza ganda uye kukonzera chando. Izvi zvakakosha mu cryopreservation application.
Inowanikwa sei
Nitrogen inogona kuwanikwa kubva kwakasiyana-siyana, asi nzira inonyanyozivikanwa yekugadzirwa kwayo muhuwandu hukuru ndeyekuburikidza kwechikamu kubva kumhepo. Mhepo ine huwandu hwakakosha hwenitrogen muchimiro che diatomic gasi (N₂), pamwe chete neokisijeni, argon, uye mamwe magasi.
Nzira yekuwana nitrogen inotanga nekutsikirirwa kwemhepo yemuchadenga. Mhepo yakamanikidzwa inotonhodzwa nefiriji system, iyo inokonzera condensation uye kuumbwa kwemvura. Kuburikidza nenhevedzano yeshongwe dze distillation, mhepo yemvura inoparadzaniswa nepakati zvichienderana nemapoinzi ayo ekuvira.
Nekuda kwekuti nitrogen ine nzvimbo yakaderera yekubikira pane okisijeni uye zvimwe zvikamu zvemweya, inobuda nekukasika uye inonangana pamusoro peshongwe dze distillation. Saka, gaseous nitrogen inounganidzwa uye inochengeterwa kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri uye mashandisirwo akasarudzika.
Mukuwedzera kune fractional distillation yemhepo, kune dzimwe nzira dzekuwana nitrogen muhuwandu hudiki kana pasi pemamiriro chaiwo. Semuenzaniso, mamwe mabhakitiriya uye zvidyarwa zvinogona kugadzirisa nitrogen yemumhepo kuburikidza nebiological process, izvo zvinobatsira mukuvandudza kubereka kwevhu uye goho rekurima.
.
Mabasa enitrogen muzvisikwa uye vanhu
Nitrogen inopa mupiro wakakosha kune zvakatipoteredza: pasina chinhu ichi, hupenyu hwePasi hwaisazogoneka. Ichi chikamu chikamu cheprotein uye nucleic acids (DNA neRNA), saka chikamu chehwaro hwehupenyu.
Kunyange zvazvo gaseous nitrogen iripo yakawanda mumhepo yePasi, zvirimwa zvinonetsa kuitora nenzira iyi, saka. vanoitora seammonium ions kana nitrate. Naizvozvo, mamwe mabhakitiriya anochinja nitrogen kuva chimiro icho miti inogona kusveta kuti mhuka dzigone kudyisa zvirimwa zvotora nitrogen kupfurikidza nayo. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakakosha pakurima, pamusoro pebasa rayo rakakosha mukugadzira fetereza.
Mune mamwe mazwi, mabhakitiriya haakwanise kushandura ivhu kuti rive chigadziko chakaorera chezvirimwa pasina kuvepo kwenitrogen. Naizvozvo, nitrogen inofungidzirwa kuti inokanganisa kutenderera kwehupenyu hwezvipenyu.
Pakati pemabasa enitrogen kuvanhu tinowana zvinotevera:
- Sekuchengetedza muzvikafu zvakapetwa nekuti inomisa oxidation.
- Mabhubhu ane nitrogen, iyo inowanikwa nyore nyore kupfuura apo argon yakashandiswa kare.
- Inoshandiswa muzvinoputika zvinoputika kudzivirira kuti zvisaputika.
- Inoshandiswa kugadzira zvikamu zvemagetsi senge transistors kana masekete akabatanidzwa.
- Inoshandiswa mumafuta ejet nekuti inobatsira kudzivirira njodzi dzemoto.
- mvura nitrogen inobatsira kuchengetedza ropa uye maplatelet.
- Inowanikwa mune inenge mishonga yose inopedzwa (nitrous oxide inoshandiswa seanesthetic).
- Inoshandiswa kugadzira simbi isina tsvina.
- Inoshandiswa mukugadzira fetereza nemamwe makemikari.
Zvinokanganisa sei muviri
Zvinoitika kuti iyi nitrogen yakaoma haina kunyanya kubatsira kune hutano. Mamwe emabasa ayo makuru ndeaya anotevera:
- Kuderedzwa kweokisijeni muropa.
- Kudzikira basa rethyroid gland.
- Haibvumiri vhitamini A kugadzirisa zvakanaka mumuviri.
- Inokurudzira kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinonzi nitrosamines, izvo zvinokonzera kuchinja kwemasero (gomarara).
