Pasi, pasi redu rebhuruu, chave chiri chinhu chekudzidza uye chekuda kuziva kubva kare. Rimwe rematambudziko akakosha kumunhu rave rekutsvaga, kupatsanura, uye kunzwisisa hukuru hwayo. Kuti izvi zviitike, budiriro dzakagadzira mareferensi masisitimu ayo aibvumira chero nzvimbo yepasi kuti inyatsowanikwa. Aya masisitimu anosanganisira meridians and the zvakafanana, mitsara yekufungidzira yakabva pakuva chidimbu chesvomhu kuenda kune chinhu chakakosha chekufambisa, kudhirowa kwemifananidzo uye hupenyu hwemazuva ano hwezuva nezuva.
Muchirevo ichi, meridians Ivo vane kukosha kwakakosha, sezvo simba ravo richienda kure kure nenzvimbo iri nyore yemasaiti pamepu. Vakaita basa rinokosha mu Geographical division yePasi kuChamhembe, Maodzanyemba, Mabvazuva neMadokero, pamwe chete nekurongeka kwenguva, nzvimbo dzenguva, uye kuvandudzwa kwekutengeserana kwenyika. Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita meridians uye hukama hwavo nekukamurwa kwepasi kwakakosha kuvadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye chero munhu anofarira kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita nyika yedu.
Chii chinonzi meridians uye chinosiyana sei kubva pakufanana?
Nyika yakakamurwa ne network ye mitsetse yekufungidzira iyo inofambisa nzvimbo yezvibodzwa zvakananga pamusoro payo. Mitsetse iyi, inonzi meridians y zvakafanana, inoumba hwaro hweiyo geographic coordinate system. Kunyangwe marudzi ese emitsara akakosha, anoita mabasa akasiyana uye anopa chaiwo maitiro.
- Meridians: Mwanakomana mitsetse yakatwasuka kubva kuChamhembe kuenda kuMaodzanyemba. Imwe neimwe meridian i semicircle uye zvese zvinosangana pamatanda. The prime meridian IGreenwich (0°), inopatsanura Nyika kuita mativi makuru maviri: maodzanyemba nekumadokero.
- Kufanana Mwanakomana mitsetse yakatwasuka izvo zvakakomberedza Nyika munzira yekumabvazuva-kumadokero. Reference line yavo ndeye Ekwadho (0°), inopatsanura nyika kuChamhembe neKumaodzanyemba kweHemispheres. Kumwe kufambirana kwakakosha kunonzi Tropics yeCancer neCapricorn, neArctic neAntarctic Circles.
Ipo iyo zvakafanana bvumira kuverenga iyo latitude — chinhambwe chechero nzvimbo kubva kuEquator—, the meridians bvumira kusarudza iyo longitud —chinhambwe kubva kuGreenwich Meridian—. Iko kusanganiswa kwezvose zviri zviviri geographic data inotibvumira kuwana chero nzvimbo papasi.
Mabviro uye kukosha kwenhoroondo yemameridians
Pfungwa ye meridian Inobva muchiLatin meridieszvinorevei masikati: pakarepo kana zuva rasvika pakakwirira mudenga uye richiyambuka mutsara wekufungidzira wemeridian yeko. Ruzivo urwu haruna kungoshanda segwara kusati kwavepo nemawachi chaiwo, asi zvakare aive akakosha pakuyera nekumisa nguva munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi.
Munhoroondo yese, vanhu vakasiyana vakasarudza nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekugara prime meridian, inozivikanwawo se zero meridian, ichipa kumwe kuvhiringika uye kushomeka kwekufanana mukufambisa nekutengesa. Yakanga iri muzana remakore rechi19, pamwe chete International Meridian Musangano we1884 muWashington, D.C., apo vamiririri vanobva kunyika 26 vakabvumirana zviri pamutemo kuti Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude) ndiyo yaizova nzvimbo inotarirwa pasi rose. Chibvumirano ichi chakasundwa nekudikanwa kwekubatanidza kutengeserana kwepasirese kuri kukura uye kufambisa mafambiro epakati penyika.
Kukamukana kwePasi: Maodzanyemba, Maodzanyemba, Mabvazuva neMadokero
Kufurira kwe meridians y zvakafanana Zvinoonekwa nenzira yatakakamura nayo pasi:
- Northern Hemisphere uye Southern Hemisphere: El Ekwadho Ndiyo mutsara wereferensi unoganhura ese ari maviri hemispheres. Nzvimbo dziri kuchamhembe ndedzeNorthern Hemisphere, uye idzo dziri kumaodzanyemba ndedzeChamhembe Hemisphere.
- Kumabvazuva (Kumabvazuva) uye Kumadokero (Kumadokero) Hemisphere: El Greenwich Meridian Inoparadzanisa Nyika kusvika kumabvazuva nekumadokero hemispheres: kumabvazuva, tinowana Asia, Oceania uye yakawanda yeEurope neAfrica; kumadokero, America neAtlantic.
Meridian imwe neimwe inomiririra kona yakasiyana mumadhigirii, kubva pa0° (Greenwich) kusvika pa180°, inova antimeridian iri mhiri kwakatarisana nePasi uye ingangoita coinciding ne international date lineSaka, meridian system ndicho chinhu chakakosha chekusiyanisa pakati peMabvazuva neMadokero, ukuwo kufambirana kuchiita zvimwechete kuChamhembe neMaodzanyemba.
Chii chinonzi meridians uye parallels inoshandiswa nhasi?
Iko kushandiswa kwemeridians uye parallels hakusi kwechinyakare cartography. Parizvino, Ivo vanoumba chimiro pakavakirwa geospatial tekinoroji uye masevhisi enzvimbo.. Kutenda kune aya masisitimu, tinogona kuwana kurongeka chaiko munguva chaiyo yezvikumbiro zvakasiyana.
- Geographical coordinates: Mharadzano pakati pemeridian neparallel inopa a nzvimbo chaiyo pamusoro pePasi penyika, izvo zvakakosha pakufamba kwemazuva ano uye kumisa masisitimu.
- Nguva dzenguva: ari meridians Vanoshumira kupatsanura Nyika kuva 24 nguva nzvimbo inenge 15 ° imwe neimwe. Izvi zvinobvumira nguva kuti igadziriswe maererano nenzvimbo yenzvimbo, kufambisa kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda nekutaurirana.
- GPS Navigation uye Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Aya masisitimu anoshandisa marongero anotorwa kubva kune meridians uye parallel kupa chaiyo nzvimbo, mepu zviitiko, uye kuronga mapurojekiti munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.
- Mepu uye kufamba kwezuva nezuva: Mamepu edhijitari uye maapplication ekufambisa anoshandisa mitsara iyi kubatsira vashandisi kuronga nzira, kutsvaga nzvimbo, uye kunzwisisa mamiriro ekunze.
Hunhu hunokosha hwemeridians
ari meridians Ivo vanopa akati wandei zvimiro uye hunhu hunoita kuti ive yakakosha pakukamurwa kwepasi:
- Akaita semicircles inobatanidza North Pole neSouth Pole.
- Iyo Greenwich Meridian Ndiyo chirevo chepasi rose chelongitudo 0 °.
- El antimeridian (180 °) inopindirana neInternational Date Line.
- Imwe neimwe meridian inopatsanurwa kubva kune inotevera nedhigirii rimwe (kana zvidimbu), kufambisa chikamu chenguva dzose chepasi.
- La chinzvimbo yenzvimbo paPasi inotarwa nemharadzano yemeridian uye parallel.
Pamusoro pe, meridians zvave zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kweiyo nguva dzenguva, iyo inobvumira kuwiriranisa nguva yepasi rose, kunyanya zvichitevera kuwedzera kwenjanji nemasevhisi ekufambisa epasi rese.
Main parallels uye pesvedzero yavo pakupatsanurwa kwePasi
Pakati pe zvakafanana Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye Ekwadho (0°), ivo Tropics yeCancer uye Capricorn (23,5 ° kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba) uye Arctic uye Antarctic madenderedzwa (66,5° kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba). Mitsetse iyi haingoganhuri mahemispheres chete, asiwo inomaka nzvimbo dzemamiriro ekunze, miganhu yezviitiko zvezuva, uye zviitiko zvakaita sepakati pehusiku zuva uye polar husiku.
- Ekwadho: Ndiwo mutsetse unopatsanura Nyika kuva kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwehemispheres, iri pa 0 °.
- Tropics yeCancer uye Capricorn: Iwo anowanikwa pa23,5 ° kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, zvichiratidza miganhu yenzvimbo dzinopisa.
- Polar madenderedzwa: Arctic neAntarctic, iri pa66,5°, inoganhura nzvimbo idzo zuva rinogona kuramba richionekwa kana kusavapo kwenguva refu.
Latitude uye longitudo: iyo geographic coordinate system
La latitude inoratidza chinhambwe cheakona chepoindi kubva kuEquator uye Inopimwa nemadhigirii kubva 0 ° kusvika 90 °, kuchamhembe kana kumaodzanyemba. The longitud Inopimwa kubva paGreenwich meridian (0°) kusvika pa180° kumabvazuva kana kumadokero. Ose ari maviri anoratidzwa mukati madhigirii, maminetsi nemasekonzi.
Somuenzaniso, Oslo inenge 60° chamhembe latitude uye 10° east longitude, nepo Panama iri pa8° north latitude uye 80° west longitude. Nekuda kwezviyero izvi, chero nzvimbo inogona kunyatsowanikwa, ichifambisa kufamba uye kuongorora.
Kukanganisa kwemeridians pahupenyu hwezuva nezuva
Kufurira kwe meridians uye kufambirana kunodarika chiyero chenzvimbo. Kutenda kwavari, wachi dzedu dzakabatanidzwa pasi rese, kutengeserana kwenyika dzese kwakarongeka, uye kufamba kwemugungwa nemhepo kunogona kuitwa nekuchengetedzeka kukuru uye nekubudirira.
- Sangano renguva: Nguva yenzvimbo inoenderana nemeridian yenzvimbo yega yega. Kugamuchirwa kwenzvimbo dzenguva kwakabvumira kubatanidza uye kurerutsa nguva dzedzimwe nyika, kuvandudza kurongeka mukufambisa nekutaurirana.
- International transactions: Kushandiswa kweGreenwich Meridian senzvimbo yereferensi yepasi rose kwakabatsira kumisa nguva uye kufambisa kutengeserana kwepasirese uye diplomacy.
- Navigation uye kuongorora: Kuyera chaiko kwelongitudo, kwakavakirwa pamameridians, kwakagonesa kufambira mberi kukuru mukuongorora uye kuwedzera kwekutengeserana kwemugungwa nepasi.
Iyo Greenwich Meridian: Mavambo uye Kukosha
El Greenwich Meridian Yakagamuchirwa sereferensi yepasi rose mu International Meridian Musangano we1884Panguva iyoyo, the zvinopfuura 70% Mazhinji ekutengeserana kwenyika akashandisa mamepu anobva paGreenwich Mean Time, uye United States yakanga yatoishandisa sehwaro hwehurongwa hwayo hwenzvimbo. Kusarudza Greenwich selongitudo 0° kwakagonesa kugadzwa kwezviyero uye kwakawedzera kutengeserana kwenyika.
Kubva ipapo, iyo Greenwich Meridian Ndiyo chirevo chekuyera longitude uye kumisa nzvimbo dzenguva kutenderera pasirese. Yayo antimeridian, pa180 °, inoratidza iyo international date line, iyo inosarudza kuti zuva rimwe nerimwe rinotanga uye rinopera rini.
Curiosities uye kushandiswa kwemazuva ano kwemeridians
- Geodetic meridian uye astronomical meridian: Nzvimbo yeprime meridian yakashanduka nekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi uye masisitimu akadai World Geodetic System 84 (WGS84)Parizvino, inotemerwa neGPS, asi mutsara wenhoroondo unoramba uchikwezva vashanyi.
- Magnetic meridian: Pamusoro peiyo geographic meridian, kune iyo magnetic meridian, iyo inobatanidza magineti ePasi uye inoshandiswa mukufamba kwekambasi, kunyange zvazvo ine misiyano nekuda kwe magnetic kuderera.
- Tekinoroji uye mamepu edhijitari: Mapuratifomu akaita seGoogle Mepu anoshandisa meridian uye parallel coordination kupa nhungamiro chaiyo uye geospatial ongororo yezvakasiyana zviitiko munzvimbo yedu.
Kuti unzwisise zviri nani mashandiro anoita masisitimu aya, kune zviwanikwa zvinodyidzana, zviitiko, uye mavhidhiyo anoita kuti zvive nyore kuona magove avanopatsanura Nyika uye nekubvumidza iwe kunyatso tsvaga nzvimbo. Dzidzira nemepu, simulations, uye mibvunzo inofungidzira inobatsira kusanganisa ruzivo urwu uye kukoshesa kukosha kwarwo muhupenyu hwemazuva ese.
