Pachiyero chenguva ye geologic pane eons, nguva, uye epochs. Imwe yacho ndeye aeon Phanerozoic. Iyo inozivikanwa seyenguva chiyero chinoitika pakupera kweProterozoic. Musiyano mukuru ndewekuti zvipenyu zvinotanga kutora mafomu akaoma kunzwisisa uye kukura. Aya ndiwo maitiro anoshanduka zvakanyanya kusvika pakuva nekusiyana kukuru kwezvisikwa zvipenyu.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve Phanerozoic, maitiro ayo, shanduko uye zvipenyu.
Phanerozoic Aeon
Iyo Phanerozoic inguva yakatanga 590 miriyoni makore apfuura. Iyi ndiyo eon pfupi munhoroondo yese yePasi. Zvichiri kuenderera mberi nanhasi. Chimwe chechokwadi chakakodzera kutariswa ndiko kuputsika kweiyo supercontinent Rodinia. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvimedu zvakakwanisa kubatanidza kusvikira supercontinent Pangea yasikwa.
Nezvehupenyu hwemhuka, ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshanduka zvikuru munyika, sezvavakatanga kukura kubva kune zvimiro zvakadai sehombodo uye crustaceans kusvika pakuonekwa kwemhuka dzine vertebrates. Inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zvitatu: Paleozoic, Mesozoic uye Cenozoic. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvakaitika kwaive kuvandudzwa kwehupenyu hwehupenyu. Kubudirira uku kuri nyore kuti masayendisiti anzwisise, nekuti mhuka zhinji dzenguva yePhanerozoic dzaive nezvikamu zvakaoma (magoko kana marangwanda). Kusiyana nezvikamu zvakapfava, nhasi tinogona kuwana zvisaririra zveaya mapande akaoma. Kunze kwehombodo nemapfupa, akawanda Phanerozoic matombo anogonawo kuwanikwa. Masayendisiti anogona kufungidzira mamiriro ekunze uye kushanduka kwezvirimwa nemhuka kubva pamatombo aya.
Zvakatanga muna Cambrian. Pakaonekwa mhuka dzekutanga dzine makwati akaoma, zita radzo rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki rekare rokuti phanerós, rinoreva kuti “zvinooneka,” uye zôon, zvinoreva kuti “chisikwa,” uye pamwe chete zvinoreva “upenyu hunooneka.” Izwi rokuti "Phanerozoic" rakagamuchirwa neAmerican geologist George Halcott Chadwick (1876-1953) muna 1930. Ndiyo mutsivi wePrecambrian ultrasound, iyo inosanganisira Harbin Dick, Gufeng, uye Proterozoic.
Nguva yePhanerozoic yakatanga nekukurumidza kuonekwa kwenhevedzano yemhuka yefila (mhando dzesangano dziri pakati peumambo nemhuka dzemhuka), dzakashanduka nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kugadzirwa kwemiti yakaoma, kushanduka kwehove uye kushanduka kwezvipembenene uye kuonekwa kwemakumbo mana uye kukura kwezvisikwa zvemazuva ano. Mukati mekuita uku, kunongedzerwa kune zviitiko zve nguva yegeological uye simba rayo pakukura kwehupenyu.
Makondinendi
Makondinendi atinoziva - Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, Antarctica, North America, neSouth America - akaumba kondinendi kare. Iyi supercontinent inonzi Pangu continent. Nekuda kwekudhumhana pakati pemakondinendi, makomo anoumbwa, sezvakangoita maAppalachian muUnited States. Mukati meiyi kondinendi yakakura, kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba zvinoumbwa, zvakaparadzaniswa negungwa idzva Tethys.
Kuchamhembe kwainzi Laurasia, ukuwo kumaodzanyemba kwainzi Gondwana. Gare gare, Laurasia yakakamurwa kuva North America, Greenland, Europe, uye Asia. Nyika yeGondwana yakaumbwa neSouth America, Africa, India, Australia, neAntarctica. Munguva yeJurassic era (pakati pe205 ne135 miriyoni makore apfuura), iwo maviri makuru makondinendi akave akaparadzana. Makondinendi akafamba zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika paari zvino. Africa, Arabian Peninsula, neIndia zvakabonderana neEurope neAsia. Mumwe wemiuyo yokubondera kwacho iHimalayas neMount Everest, gomo rakakwirira zvikurusa pasi rose (8850 m). Kudhumhana kwacho kwaiva nesimba zvokuti Himalaya inoramba ichikura pamwero wemasendimita mashoma pagore. Mukati meiyi nguva midungwerungwe yemakomo yakaberekerwawo kumhenderekedzo yegungwa yokumadokero yeNorth neSouth America uye zvitsuwa zvakawanda zviri kumhenderekedzo yegungwa yokumabvazuva kweAsia.
Phanerozoic mamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze
Mamiriro ekunze ePhanerozoic akasangana nekushanduka-shanduka. Mazaya echando aiumbwa panguva dzakasiyana-siyana uye aitofukidza nyika. Anenge mamiriyoni mazana mashanu emakore apfuura (Ordovician), mativi eNorth Africa neSouth America akanga akafukidzwa neaizi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, pakati pemakore 350 ne250 mamiriyoni apfuura (Carboniferous nePermian), mazaya echando akafukidza kondinendi yeGondwana. Mushure meizvozvo, mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu emakore apfuura, mazhinji eAntarctica, North America, uye Europe akafukidzwa nechando.
Iyo Phanerozoic ndeimwe yeanoni akatambura zvakanyanya shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kubva pakuoma pakutanga, kusvika pakudziya nokunyorova. Uye pakupedzisira tembiricha yayo yakadzikira uye mazera mazhinji echando akatanga. Muchadenga unoramba uchiwana oxygen kubva kune zvipenyu zvinotakura photosynthesis, zvakafanana nezvinoitwa nezvinomera nhasi.
Pamberi pePaleozoic, pakanga pasina mhepo sezvatinoziva nhasi. Ndiyo panguva ino apo huwandu hweokisijeni hunotanga kuwedzera. Pakupedzisira, mhepo ine oxygen yakawandisa, iyo inoumba ozone layer. Pakakwirira, mamorekuru eokisijeni anoputswa nemwaranzi yeultraviolet kubva kuzuva. Aya mamorekuru eokisijeni anobatana kuita ozone.
Kune gobvu ozone layer pakureba kwemakiromita gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi matatu nemashanu. Iyi nhete inoita kuti mwaranzi inokuvadza inobva kuzuva isasvike pasi. Iyi nhete isati yatanga, mhuka dzinonyanya kutsamira pamvura kuti dzidzivirire. Ipapo zvinomera nemhuka zvinogona kutanga kugara panyika. Miti yekutanga yevhu yakakura munguva yeSilurian (makore mamiriyoni 450 apfuura). Iwo vascular zvinomera, kufanana ferns. Mhuka dzinoverengeka dzisina mutsipa dzakakurumidza kuoneka. Amphibians akaonekwa muDevonian uye zvinokambaira muCarboniferous. Muchivharo cheTriassic neJurassic (makore mazana maviri emakore zvisati zvaitika) mhuka dzokutanga dzinoyamwisa dzakamuka uye pakupedzisira shiri. Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzaizoita basa guru mushure mekuparara kwemadinosaurs pakupera kweCretaceous period (makore mamiriyoni 65 apfuura).
upenyu
Zvisaririra zvekare zvakawanikwa zvinobva panguva imwe chete nematombo ekare. Zvisaririra zvekare zvine makore 3.400 bhiriyoni uye chimiro chazvo chakatenderera uye chine fibrous, yakafanana neiyo yebhakitiriya. Stromatolites inowanikwa zvakanyanya muShark Bay (kumadokero kwemahombekombe eAustralia) uye Yellowstone National Park (USA) yaive yakajairika muPaleozoic neProterozoic.
Maponji ekutanga akaonekwa mukupera kweProterozoic makore angangoita mamirioni mazana manomwe apfuura. Kazhinji, mhuka dzemhuka dzinogona kukamurwa kuva mapoka maviri: sponges uye kwete-sponges. Musiyano mukuru ndewekuti masiponji haana hurongwa hwekugaya, sejellyfish uye octopus. Mukutanga kwePaleozoic, mhuka dzine vertebrate dzaive dzisiri masiponji dzakakura zvakanyanya. Mafossils anoratidza kuti zvipenyu zvose zvisingaperi zviriko nhasi zvaivepowo makore 500 miriyoni apfuura. Vekutanga vane vertebrates vakaonekwa muOrdovician, idzi dziri hove.
Tsananguro yakanaka kwazvo mumisoro yayo yese, ndinoiona yakadzama uye inobatsira.