El polonium (Po) isimbi isingawanzowanikwi uye yakanyanya kutenderera ine radioactive simbi. Pamberi pekuwanikwa kwepolonium nePolish-French physicists Marie Curie Muna 1898, uranium uye thorium ndiyo chete yaizivikanwa radioactive zvinhu.
Muchikamu chino tichakutaurira maitiro ese, mashandisirwo uye kukosha kwepolonium.
Mhando huru
Chinhu chisingawanzoitiki uye chinopisa zvakanyanya radioactive element.. Curie akaitumidza kuti polonium mushure mekuzvarwa kwake Poland. Polonium haina basa shoma kuvanhu kunze kwekunge mune mashoma ekutyisidzira maapplication: yakashandiswa sekutanga mubhomba reatomu rekutanga uye sehupfu hunofungidzirwa murufu rwakati wandei. Mumabhizimusi ekushandisa, polonium dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa kubvisa static magetsi kubva kumashini kana guruva kubva mufirimu, iro zvakare rine hukama neayo. radioactivity. Inogona zvakare kushandiswa senge photothermal sosi ye thermoelectricity mune space satellite.
Polonium ndeyeboka regumi nematanhatu uye nguva yechitanhatu yetafura yeperiodic. Sekureva kweRoyal Society yeChemistry, inorondedzerwa sesimbi nekuti conductivity yepolonium inodzikira nekuwedzera tembiricha. Kana iwe uchida kuita imwe tsvagiridzo pachinhu ichi, unogona kutarisa ruzivo rwune chekuita nezvayo.
Ichi chinhu chinonyanya kurema chechalcogens, boka rezvinhu zvinozivikanwawo se "oxygen group." Machalcogens ese aripo mumhangura ore. Zvimwe zvinhu muboka rechalcogen zvinosanganisira oksijeni, sarufa, selenium, uye tellurium.
Kune makumi matatu nenhatu anozivikanwa isotopes eichi chemakemikari element (maatomu echinhu chimwe chine nhamba dzakasiyana dzemanyuturoni), uye ese ane radioactive. Iyo radioactive kusagadzikana kwechinhu ichi chinoita kuti ive yakakodzera mumiriri webhomba reatomu.
Zvenyama Hunhu hwePolonium
- Nhamba yeatomu (nhamba yemapurotoni ari munucleus): 84
- Atomic chiratidzo (mu periodic tafura yezvinhu): Po
- Huremu hweatomu (avhareji yehuremu hweatomu): 209
- Density: 9.32 gramu pa cubic centimita
- Phase pakudziya kwekamuri: Yakasimba
- Kunyungudika: 489.2 degrees Fahrenheit (254 degrees Celsius)
- Nzvimbo yekubikira: 1,763.6 madhigirii F (962 madhigirii C)
- Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa isotopu: Po-210 ine hafu yehupenyu hwemazuva 138 chete
Discovery
Apo Curie nemurume wake, Pierre Curie, pavakawana chinhu ichi, vakanga vachitsvaga kwaibva radioactivity mu zvinongoitika zvoga uranium-rich ore inonzi pitchblende. Vaviri vacho vakacherechedza kuti pitchblende isina kucheneswa yaive yakawanda radioactive kupfuura uranium yakanga yaparadzaniswa nayo. Saka vakafunga kuti pitchblende inofanira kunge yakabata chimwe chinhu chimwe chete chine mwaranzi.
The Curies yakatenga machaji epitchblende kuitira kuti vagokwanisa kuparadzanisa kemikari kubva kumaminerari. Pashure pemwedzi yekushanda nesimba, pakupedzisira vakaparadzanisa chinhu chinobudisa mwaranzi: chinhu chine mwaranzi inopenya zvakapetwa ka400 kupfuura uranium, maererano neInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Kuchera polonium kwakanga kwakaoma nokuti kwakanga kune chitsama chiduku; tani imwe chete yeutare uranium ine chete 100 micrograms (0,0001 gramu) yepolonium. Nekudaro, maCuries akakwanisa kubvisa isotopu yatinoziva sePo-209, maererano neRoyal Society yeChemistry.
Iri kupi
Mitsara yePo-210 inogona kuwanikwa muvhu nemhepo. Semuenzaniso, Po-210 inogadzirwa panguva yekuora kweradon gas 222, inova mhedzisiro yekuora kweradium, chinhu chine chekuitawo nemusoro we.
Radium, zvakare, chigadzirwa chakaora cheuranium, chiripo munenge matombo ese uye ivhu rakaumbwa kubva pamatombo. Lichens inogona kutora polonium yakananga kubva mumhepo. Kumatunhu ekuchamhembe, vanhu vanodya reindeer vanogona kunge vaine mwero wepolonium muropa ravo nekuti reindeer inodya lichen, maererano neSmithsonian.com.
Inoonekwa sechinhu chisingawanzoitiki chechisikigo. Kunyange zvazvo iripo muuranium ore, hazvina mari kumugodhi nekuti kunongova ne100 micrograms dzepolonium mu tani imwe chete. (0,9 metric tons) yeuranium ore, maererano neJefferson Lab. Pane kudaro, polonium inogadzirwa nebhombarding bismuth 209, isotopu yakagadzikana, ine manyutroni mune nuclear reactors.
Maererano neRoyal Society yeChemistry, Izvi zvinogadzira radioactive bismuth 210, iyo inobva yaora kuva polonium kuburikidza nenzira inonzi beta decay. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission inofungidzira kuti pasi rose rinongogadzira 100 gramu chete (3,5 ounces) epolonium-210 pagore.
Use
Nekuda kweiyo yakanyanya radioactivity, polonium ine mashoma ekutengesa maapplication. Mashandisirwo mashoma echinhu ichi anosanganisira kubvisa static magetsi kubva kumashini uye kubvisa huruva kubva mumaroli emafirimu.
Mumaapplication ari maviri, polonium inofanira kunyatsovharwa kudzivirira mushandisi. Icho chinhu chinoshandiswawo se photothermal sosi ye thermoelectricity muma satellite uye imwe spacecraft, ichi chiri chinhu chinonakidza mu. nhoroondo yevakadzi vesainzi.
Izvi zvinodaro nekuti polonium inoora nekukurumidza, ichiburitsa simba rakawanda sekupisa mukuita. Maererano neRoyal Society yeChemistry, giramu rimwe chete repolonium rinosvika tembiricha ye500 degrees Celsius (932 madhigirii Fahrenheit) payakaderedzwa.
Atomic bhomba
Mukati meHondo Yenyika II, Mauto Corps eInjiniya akatanga kuronga Manhattan District of Engineers, chirongwa chepamusoro-chakavanzika chekutsvagisa nekusimudzira icho chaizopedzisira chaburitsa zvombo zvenyukireya zvekutanga pasi rose.
Ma1940 asati asvika, pakanga pasina chikonzero chokuisiya yakachena kana kuti iubudise nokuti kushandiswa kwayo kwakanga kusingazivikanwi uye zvishomanene zvaizivikanwa pamusoro payo. Asi mainjiniya edunhu akatanga kudzidza polonium, iyo yakazova chinhu chakakosha muzvombo zvavo zvenyukireya. Maererano neAtomic Heritage Foundation, musanganiswa wepolonium uye chimwe chinhu chisingawanzoitiki, beryllium, yakatanga bhomba. Mushure mehondo, chirongwa chekutsvagisa polonium chakaendeswa kuMound Laboratory muMiamisburg, Ohio. Yakapedzwa muna 1949, Mound Lab ndiyo yaive yekutanga nzvimbo yeAtomic Energy Commission yekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya.
polonium chepfu
Polonium ine chepfu kuvanhu, kunyange muhuwandu hushoma. Munhu wekutanga kufa nemuchetura wepolonium angangove mwanasikana waMarie Curie, Irene Joriot-Curie.
Muna 1946, polonium capsule yakaputika pabhenji rake rebhu, iyo inogona kunge iri chikonzero chaakaita leukemia ndokufa makore gumi gare gare. Polonium poisoning ndiyo yakakonzera kufa kwaAlexander Litvinenko, aimbova musori wekuRussia aigara muLondon muna 2006 mushure mekukumbira hupoteri hwezvematongerwo enyika.
Chepfu yaifungidzirwawo murufu rwemutungamiri wePalestine Yasser Arafat muna 2004, apo mazinga anotyisa epolonium-210 akaonekwa muzvipfeko zvake, The Wall Street Journal yakashuma.