La quantum superposition Ipfungwa irikunzwikwa zvakanyanya. Ichi chivakwa chechisikigo chiri kushandiswa mumbeu dzequantum makomputa, quantum teleportation, uye iyo quantum internet. Nekudaro, kune vanhu vazhinji vasingazive zvakanaka nezve quantum superposition uye inonzwika chiChinese kwavari.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti chii chinonzi quantum superposition, maitiro ayo uye kukosha kwayo.
Chii chinonzi quantum superposition
Quantum superposition ndiyo musimboti wakakosha we quantum mechanics iyo inoratidzira kuvapo panguva imwe cheteyo kwegadziriro yemuviri, yakadai serekitironi, mumativi ayo ose anobvira edzidziso. Kana ikacherechedzwa, inogona chete "kudonha" mune imwe yeiyi magadzirirwo. Iyi "freeze" haina kurongeka asi yakavakirwa pamitemo yezvingabvira.
Imwe nzira yekunzwisisa quantum superposition, zvirinani nenzira yakapfava, ndeye kufunga kuti chidimbu chinogona kunge chiri mumatunhu maviri anonakidza panguva imwe chete, asi kana yangoona inongoburitsa imwe yacho. Saka, superposition inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu quantum computing. A "qubit" kana qubit inogona kutora zvese kukosha 0 uye 1; kusiyana nekadiki, zvishoma zvinofanirwa kunge zviri 0 kana 1.
Ichi chimiro che quantum superposition mhedzisiro yefungidziro yakaitwa naDuke weFrance Louis de Broglie, uyo akakurudzira muna 1924 kuti maerekitironi haasi mafungu asi masaisai. Kureva kuti maerekitironi haasi "mabhora" enyaya nekudyidzana kwechinyakare (sekudhumhana pakati pemabhora emabhiriyoni), asi masaisai anofamba nemuchadenga. Izvi ndezvechokwadi.
Quantum superposition yemaerekitironi
Kana tikafungidzira maerekitironi se "mabhora", kuwanda kweimwe pamwe neimwe kunotipa pfungwa yenhema yemabatiro anoita zvinhu nekuti tinofungidzira akaturikidzwa semabhora. Mamwe ari pamusoro, mamwe ari pazasi, uye mamwe ari kumativi. Nekudaro, nyaya haishande nenzira iyoyo pachiyero chehuwandu, chete padanho remacroscopic. Ndizvo zvedu.
Iyo phenomenon ye quantum superposition iri nyore kunzwisisa kubva ipapo maonero ekuti chinhu anoita semafungu. Kusiyana nezvinhu, masaisai anogona kupindirana. Payero yehuwandu, nyaya inoita semafungu, uye chimwe chinhu chinonakidza chinoitika: nyaya inogona "kuwedzera" kune mumwe nemumwe.
Enzaniso inonakidza inogona kucherechedzwa mune zvakasikwa. Mufananidzo unotevera unoratidza maburi anosiiwa nemadonhwe emvura pamusoro pemvura. Isaisai denderedzwa inopararira nepamusoro pepamusoro. Ani nani akambokanda dombo mudhamu achazviziva. Muchirevo, imwe neimwe wave yakazvimirira.
Nekudaro, wave superposition inoitika pese panosangana masaisai maviri. Ndiko kuti, kuwedzera kana kubvisa hukuru hwavo. Panosangana mirwi miviri, mvura inokwira zvikuru. Pane mipata miviri, tinoona madhiri. Kana nhongonya dzichienderana nemipata, kuwanda kwemafungu kunoguma nekukanzurwa.
Mafungu uye quantum superposition
Kana maerekitironi ari masaisai anofamba muchadenga, masaisai awo anogona kuita zvinhu zvakafanana nezvinoonekwa mumvura. Chiitiko chacho chakanyanya kuomarara, asi heino nzira yekuchirerutsa. Asi mubvunzo unonetsa vazhinji ndewekuti: ari kupi maerekitironi?
Zvinoenderana nemitemo ye quantum mechanics, quantum superposition inogona kuitika kusvika zvimedu zvaonekwa. Ipapo iyo wave function (iyo inotsanangura mukana wekuti chidimbu chine imwe nyika kana imwe, inova nzira yatinomiririra masisitimu ezvimedu) inodonha kana inotsanangurwa seyakanyanya kujeka wave basa.
Kunyange zvazvo isina kururama zvachose, fananidzo inotevera inogona kushandiswa. Chibharumu chehelium chinoyangarara muimba ine rima. Chekutanga, hazvibviri kunyatsoziva kuti bharumu riri papi nekuti kune kuyerera kwemhepo kwakaoma kwazvo kunofambisa bharumu kubva kune rumwe rutivi kuenda kune rumwe. Zvinokwanisika kuona mukana wekuti bharumu iri mune imwe nzvimbo kana imwe. Iri ndiro basa rayo remafungu.
Unoziva sei kwairi iko zvino? Nzira yekuita sei wavefunction "kudonha"? Chiyedzo chinogona kuitwa kukanda miseve. Kana museve ukaenda kusina bharumu, hatinzwi chero ruzha. Zvisinei, kana museve ukapinda nomubharumu, tinonzwa kuputika. Mhedziso ndeiyi: bharumu richaona nzvimbo yaro zvisinei nekuti museve warirova here kana kuti kwete. Ndiko kuti, "ichadonha" mupfungwa yenyama uye kuratidza pairi.
Kunyange zvazvo usiri mufananidzo wakakwana, muenzaniso webharumu unobatsira kunzwisisa kuti maerekitironi anogona sei kugoverwa mune imwe nzvimbo yechadenga panguva imwe chete, uye kuti kana ukaitarisa chete unogona sei kuziva kuti chii.
Utility nhasi
Kana ichi chivakwa chinonakidza, imhaka yekuti chinogona kushandiswa kuvaka quantum makomputa. Muna 2016, boka revatsvakurudzi rakatora mukana wehuwandu hwezvinhu zvezvinhu, kusanganisira superposition states, kugonesa kufambisa kwemashoko kureba.
Uye 2017, chimwe chikwata chakabudirira teleported quantum state pakati pemanodhi maviri akabatana. Muna 2022, boka revatsvagiri rakakwanisa kutumira nzvimbo yehuwandu pakati penzvimbo mbiri dzakadzimwa nekuda kwekuti Alice, Bob, uye Charlie node dzakabatana imwe neimwe. Kuburikidza nemiedzo iyi, zvinokwanisika kuvaka Internet yakavimbika.
Parizvino, masayendisiti ari kutsvaga nzira dzekutora mukana weichi chivakwa kugadzirisa matambudziko angave akaoma kana kusagoneka kubata nemakomputa emhando yepamusoro. Mune quantum komputa, iyo classical bits (0 kana 1) inotsiviwa nequbits, iyo anogona kupindirana, zvinoreva kuti anogona kumiririra 0 na1 panguva imwe chete. Izvi zvinobvumira iyo quantum komputa kuti iongorore akawanda mhinduro panguva imwe chete, zvichikonzera yakakura mukana wekugadzirisa matambudziko akaomarara munzvimbo dzakaita se cryptography, zvinhu simulation, uye optimization.
Imwe inonakidza application ndeye yakachengeteka quantum kutaurirana. Nekuda kweiyo pfuma ye quantum superposition, chero kuedza kuvhiringidza ruzivo rwunofambiswa kunobva kwaonekwa, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kune isingapindike masisitimu ekutaurirana uye kuve nechokwadi chekuvanzika kweruzivo.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve quantum superposition, maitiro ayo uye kubatsira.