Munhoroondo yose, vanhu vakanzwa kuyemura kwakadzama kwedenga, kwete chete munguva dzehusiku dzekufungisisa dzinonyandura fungidziro dziripo, asiwo mukati memaawa echiedza chemasikati, apo rinopa ratidziro inopenya yemavara. Pane imwe nguva muhupenyu hwedu, isu tese takashamisika kuti sei denga richiita bhuruu kana kuti nei richichinja orenji uye tsvuku toni pakuvira kwezuva. Mubvunzo uyu pakutanga wakagadziriswa naLord Rayleigh, anozivikanwawo saJohn William Strutt, nyanzvi yemasvomhu akawana izvi mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19.
Muchikamu chino tichakutsanangurira iwe Rayleigh effect, maitiro ayo uye nei denga riri rebhuruu.
Rayleigh effect
Zuva rinoburitsa huwandu hwakasiyana-siyana hwemagetsi emagetsi, kusanganisira chiedza chinooneka, chinowanzozivikanwa sechiedza chichena. Sezvineiwo, chiedza chichena chinonyatso kusanganiswa kwemavara ese emurarabungu, neruvara rweruvara rwuri rwupfupi rwewavelength uye rutsvuku rwuri rwakareba. As Chiedza chezuva chinofamba mumhepo, chichipindirana nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita semagasi, zvimedu zvakasimba uye mamorekuru emvura.. Kana zvimedu izvi zviri zvidiki pane chegumi chemicrometer, zvinokonzeresa kupararira kwechiedza chichena kumativi ese, nekusimbisa kukuru pachiedza chebhuruu.
Iyi sarudzo yechiedza chebhuruu inogona kutsanangurwa neiyo coefficient yekuparadzira, inoverengerwa uchishandisa fomula 1/λ4, apo λ inomiririra wavelength. Sezvo violet nechiedza chebhuruu zvine marefu marefu marefu muchikamu chinooneka, zvinoburitsa quotient yepamusoro-soro painotsiviwa neforoma, inova . Ichi chiitiko chinowanzozivikanwa seRayleigh kupararira.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, mwaranzi yakapararira inopindirana nezvikamu zvegasi zvinoshanda sechinhu chinopenya, zvichiita kuti vakotama zvakare uye kuwedzera simba ravo.
Nei denga riri rebhuruu?
Tichifunga nezveruzivo rwadudzwa pamusoro apa, munhu angatarisira kuti denga riratidzike repepuru panzvimbo yebhuruu nekuda kwehupfupi hwaro. Zvisinei, izvi hazvisizvo nokuti ziso remunhu harina kunyanya kutaridzika kune ruvara rweviolet. Uyezve, Chiedza chinooneka chine chikamu chepamusoro cheblue wavelength mwaranzi pane yeviolet.
Muzviitiko apo zvimedu zvinodarika wavelength muhukuru, kupararira kwakasiyana hakuitike. Pane kudaro, zvese zvikamu zvechiedza chena zvakaparadzirwa zvakaenzana. Ichi chiitiko chinotsanangura kuchena kwemakore, sezvo madonhwe emvura anoaita anopfuura chikamu chegumi chemicrometer muhupamhi. Zvisinei, kana madonhwe emvura aya aita kuungana, chiedza hachigoni kupfuura nomaari, zvichikonzera kutaridzika kwegreyi kwakabatana neyakavharwa yegore.
Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti denga harirambe rakaita bhuruu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, chiitiko chekupararira kweRayleigh hachitsananguri zvizere kuvepo kwemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzvuku panguva yekubuda kwezuva nekuvira kwezuva. Zvisinei, pane tsananguro yechokwadi ichi.
Sezvo Zuva rinonyura uye richipinda muchikamu cherubvunzavaeni, kumira kwaro pajengachenga kunoita kuti chiedza chifambe chinhambwe chikuru kuti chisvike kwatiri, chisisave perpendicular. Kuchinja kwekona uku kunoguma nechiitiko chakaderera, zvichiita kuti chiedza chebhuruu chipararire tisati tasvika pameso edu. Panzvimbo pezvo, . Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti kupararira kweRayleigh kunoramba kuchiitika, asi pane imwe nzvimbo mukati memhepo pane iyo Zuva riri pakakwirira.
Historia
Munhau yose, denga rave richikwezva ngwariro yedu mose muri muviri masikati nousiku. Yakashanda senivhasi kuti fungidziro yedu idzungaire. Sezvingatarisirwa, kuda kuziva uye kutsvagisa kwesainzi hazvina kusunungurwa kubva mukunakidzwa uku. Sezvimwe zvinoitika zvemazuva ose, zvakadai sokushanduka kweruvara rwemashizha kana kuti kwakabva mvura, vatsvakurudzi vakaedza kuwana zvakavanzika zvedenga. Panzvimbo pokuderedza kukwezva kwaro kusinganzwisisiki, zvarinowana zvakangodzamisa kunzwisisa kwedu uye kuyemura.
Munguva yekuedza kwake infrared muna 1869, Rayleigh akagumburwa pane zvaakanga asingatarisiri: mwenje wakaparadzirwa netwudiki twune twunyoro hwebhuruu. Ikoku kwakamuita kuti afungidzire kuti kupararira kwakafanana kwechiedza chezuva kwakanga kuri mutoro weruvara rwebhuruu rwedenga. Zvisinei, akanga asingakwanisi kutsanangura zvizere chikonzero nei chiedza chebhuruu chaidiwa kana kuti nei ruvara rwedenga rwakanga rwakanyanya kudaro, achibvisa huruva yomuchadenga setsananguro bedzi.
Basa rake guru pamusoro peruvara nokuparadzana kwechiedza chinobva mudenga rakabudiswa muna 1871. Vavariro yake yakanga iri yokuyera muuyo weTyndall mumadonhwe emvura kupfurikidza nokuyera kuvapo kwezvikamu zviduku nezvimiro zvawo zvinoratidzira. Kuvaka pana James Clerk Maxwell's pre-proof of the electromagnetic nature of light, Rayleigh akaratidza muna 1881 kuti equations yake yakatevera kubva kumagetsi. Achiwedzera zvaakawana muna 1899, akawedzera kunyorera kumamorekuru ega ega, achitsiva mazwi ane chekuita nemavhoriyamu mavhoriyamu uye ma indices erefractive maererano nemolecular polarizability.
Kupararira mune porous zvinhu
Porous zvinhu zvine kugona kuratidza Rayleigh-mhando yekuparadzira, iyo inotevera λ-4 yekuparadzira maitiro. Ichi chiitiko chinonyanya kuoneka mune nanoporous zvinhu, uko kune kusiyanisa kwakakosha mune refractive index pakati pe pores uye yakasimba zvikamu zve sintered alumina. Somugumisiro, the kupararira kwechiedza inova yakanyanya kusimba, zvichiita kuti ichinje nzira anenge mamicrometer mashanu.
Iyi inoshamisa hunhu hwekupararira inonzi yakasarudzika nanoporous dhizaini inowanikwa kuburikidza ne sintering maitiro, ayo anosanganisira kushandiswa kwe monodispersive alumina poda kugadzira kutetepa kugovera kwehukuru hwepore, kazhinji kutenderedza 70 nm.
