La spectroscopy Inyanzvi inoshandiswa mumapazi akasiyana siyana esainzi kudzidza kudyidzana pakati pemagetsi emagetsi nemwaranzi. Izvo zvakavakirwa pakuongorora kwakadzama kwechiedza kana mamwe mafomu emagetsi emagetsi, achiaputsa muzvikamu zvawo uye kuongorora iwo chaiwo maitiro echimwe nechimwe.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti chii chinonzi spectroscopy, maitiro ayo uye kukosha kwayo.
Chii chinonzi spectroscopy
Nemashoko akareruka, tinogona kunzwisisa chiedza semusanganiswa wemavara akasiyana kana wavelengths. Spectroscopy inotibvumira kupaza mwenje muchimiro chayo, chinotangira kubva kupfupi wavelengths, senge X-rays uye gamma rays, kusvika kureba wavelengths, senge microwave nemasaisai eredhiyo. Imwe neimwe yenzvimbo idzi dze electromagnetic spectrum ine zvimiro uye maitiro akasiyana.
Spectroscopy inoshandiswa mune dzakawanda zvesainzi dzidziso, kusanganisira fizikisi, chemistry, nyeredzi, biology, nezvimwe. Inopa ruzivo rwakakosha nezve kuumbwa, chimiro uye zvimiro zvenyaya. Nekudzidza huwandu hwemwaranzi inoburitswa, kunyudzwa kana kuparadzirwa nechinhu, tinogona kuwana ruzivo nezve maatomu, mamorekuru kana zvidimbu zvinoumba chinhu ichocho, uye nezve zvinonakidza zvinoitika muchadenga, senge. zvinhu zvemuchadenga.
Kune nzira dzakasiyana dze spectroscopy, imwe neimwe inoshandiswa kuongorora marudzi akasiyana emagetsi emagetsi uye kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvakasiyana. Mamwe maitiro akajairika anosanganisira absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, uye nuclear yenyu yemagineti resonance spectroscopy, kutaura mashoma. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve mhando dzakasiyana dzezvishandiso uye kudzidza kwavo, unogona kubvunza zvimwe zvinyorwa pa mapazi efizikisi.
mhando dze spectroscopy
Spectroscopy inoshandiswa kunzwisisa zvimiro zvemakemikari nekuongorora kuwanda kwechiedza chavanotora. Izvi inotibatsira kuona kuti maumbirwo echinhu chacho chii. Tine akati wandei emhando dzespectroscopy, zvichienderana nezvatiri kuishandisa. Aya ndiwo anozivikanwa zvikuru:
- mass spectroscopy
- Atomic absorption spectroscopy.
- Raman spectroscopy
- infrared spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry (kana kuti atomic mass spectrometry) inzira inoshandiswa kuona huremu hweatomu hweatomu kana mamorekuru mumuenzaniso nemakemikari eionizing uye kuronga maion zvichienderana nereshiyo, huremu, kana kuchaja.
Mazhinji ma spectrometers anoshandisa nzira inonzi electron impact ionization. Iyi nzira inoshandisa danda re electron kubvisa erekitironi (kana maerekitironi) kubva mumorekuru, kuumba radical cation. Maodhiyo akadaro anozivikanwawo semaoni evabereki kana maioni emolekemu.
Girafu rinoratidza kusimba kwechiratidzo che detector maringe neatomu yehuremu hweiyoni inonzi mass spectrum. Isotopes maatomu echinhu chimwechete ane nhamba yakafanana yemapurotoni (nhamba yeatomu) asi nhamba dzemisara dzakasiyana (nhamba yakasiyana yemanyutroni). Kuti unzwisise zviri nani isotopes, unogona kubvunza ruzivo pamusoro deuterium, iyo inoshamisa isotopu.
atomic absorption spectroscopy
Atomic absorption spectroscopy inzira yekuongorora inooneka kana ultraviolet spectrum kuona muhuwandu mwenje wekemikari unoburitswa nemaatomu ane gasi. Aya ndiwo maitiro anoshandiswa mukemesitiri kuona huwandu hweanalyte, inova chinhu chaicho mumuenzaniso.
Zvino ngationei kuti atomic absorption spectroscopy inoshanda sei. Iyo tekinoroji yakavakirwa pamutemo weBeer-Lambert, icho chine hukama nekutorwa kwechiedza nechinhu uye chinochibatanidza nehunhu hwechimwe chinhu. Ma electrons anogona kuenda kumazinga esimba akakwirira nekuti anotora simba. Izvi, zvakare, zvinoenderana nechiedza nechaiyo wavelengths, nekuda kwatinogona kuziva kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zviri mumucherechedzo, sezvo wavelength yega yega inoenderana nechimwe chinhu. Sezviri mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo mu asteroid iyo inogona kuongororwa ne spectroscopy.
Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy inyanzvi inoshandiswa kuongorora kudyidzana pakati pechiedza nenyaya. Iyi nzira yakavakirwa pamaitiro eRaman, akawanikwa nemuIndia musayendisiti CV Raman muna 1928, iyo inosanganisira shanduko yesimba rechiedza painopindirana nemuenzaniso.
Kana chiedza chikawira pamuenzaniso, chimwe chechiedza chinopararira uye simba racho rinoshanduka. Kuchinja kwesimba uku kunokonzerwa nekudyidzana kwemafotoni echiedza nemamorekuru emuenzaniso. Mamwe mafotoni anowana simba, asi mamwe anorasikirwa nawo. Kupararira kwechiedza uku kunonzi kupararira kweRaman, uye chiedza chakapararira chinozivikanwa seRaman light.
Raman spectroscopy inotora mukana weichi chiitiko kuwana ruzivo nezve kuumbwa uye chimiro chemolecular yemuenzaniso. Chiedza cheRaman chakapararira chine kureba kwakasiyana zvishoma pane mwenje wechiitiko., uye musiyano uyu unozivikanwa seRaman shift. Iyo Raman shift inopa ruzivo nezve mamorekuru ekudengenyeka uye modhi yekutenderera kwemamorekuru mumuenzaniso.
Kuzviita, chiridzwa chinonzi Raman spectrometer chinoshandiswa. Ichi chiridzwa chine yakakwirira-simba laser inoburitsa monochromatic mwenje, iyo inonangana kune sampuli. Kana laser mwenje ichipindirana nemamorekuru ari mumuenzaniso, kupararira kweRaman kunoitika. Chiedza cheRaman chakapararira chinounganidzwa uye chinonangidzirwa kune detector, iyo inonyora kusimba kwechiedza sekushanda kwewavelength yacho. Izvi zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise maitiro akadai seanoitika mu Newton's prism.
infrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy inyanzvi yekuongorora inoshandiswa kuona mapoka anoshanda muma organic molecules. Kune marudzi maviri ema spectrometer anoshandiswa mu infrared spectroscopy: dispersive infrared radiation spectrometers uye Fourier inoshandura infrared radiation spectrometers.
Munguva ye infrared spectroscopy process, matanho anotevera anoitwa:
- Raranzi remwaranzi rinopfuura nemumuenzaniso.
- Muenzaniso mune spectrometer inotora infrared radiation.
- Kana iko kunyura kwaonekwa uye nekuongororwa, iyo yekunyudza spectrum inodhindwa kunze kana kuratidzwa pakombuta.
Yese organic komisheni inotora infrared radiation pamawavelengths akasiyana kuburikidza nezvisungo pakati pemamorekuru. Apo maatomu akabatana, anoramba achizunguzika. Kana ma organic molecules anotora infrared radiation, zvisungo zviri pakati pemaatomu akasiyana zvinozunguzika zvakanyanya. Nekuda kweizvi, zvisungo zvecovalent mumamorekuru zvinodengenyeka uye zvinomanikidzwa kutambanudza, kukotama, kana kumonyoroka. Mamorekuru ese anozunguzika pane imwe frequency. Imwe neimwe chisungo mukati memorekuru ine yakasarudzika yakasarudzika frequency yekudengenyeka. Izvi zvakakosha kuti unzwisise maitiro emakomponi akadai seanowanikwa mu zvose.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve spectroscopy uye maitiro ayo.