Kune vazhinji, supervolcanoes Vanomiririra imwe yekutyisidzira kukuru kuvanhu, kunyange kupfuura shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Simba ravo rinoparadza rakawanda zvokuti vanogona kutsakatisa upenyu sezvatinohuziva mumazuva mashoma. Nekudaro, iva nechokwadi: kunyangwe paine anosvika makumi maviri emakomo anoputika paPasi, hapana anofanirwa kunzi anotyisa panguva ino, kunyangwe iyo yakakurumbira Yellowstone supervolcano.
Supervolcanoes Zvimiro zvinoyevedza zve geological zvakasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki munhoroondo yepasi. Hofori idzi dzakarara hadzisi dzechido chikuru chesainzi pakugona kwavo kuparadza, asiwo ruzivo rwavanopa nezvenhoroondo yePasi nekushanduka-shanduka kwezvipenyu zvayo.
Kuputika kwekupedzisira kweYellowstone supervolcano kwakaitika makore angangoita 640,000 apfuura, chokwadi chinoita sechikatyamadza, handiti? Nhoroondo yaro haina kugumira pakuputika kwekupedzisira uku; iyo yekare yekuputika kukuru yakanyorwa makore anopfuura mamiriyoni maviri apfuura, nhamba inofadza zvechokwadi patinofunga nezvezvikero zvenguva ye geological. Asi nzanga yesainzi inotsanangura sei supervolcano?
Un supervolcano Inoratidzwa nekuva nekamuri ye magma yakakura nezviuru zvemazana pane iyo yenguva dzose inoputika. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, pakumuka, kuputika kwaro kunenge kwanyanya kuparadza, zvichigona kudzinga zviuru zvemacubic kilometers ezvinhu mumhepo, izvo zvaizoshandura zvakanyanya mamiriro nemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo dzakatenderedza. Semuenzaniso, kuputika kweYellowstone kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakakonzera Ice Age yekupedzisira.
Sezvatakataura, Yellowstone ingori imwe yeakati wandei emakomo anoputika munyika. Mimwe mienzaniso inokosha inosanganisira:
- Lake Toba (Sumatra, Indonesia)
- Dunhu reTaupo rinoputika (New Zealand)
- Garita Caldera (Colorado, USA)
- La Pacana Caldera (Chile)
- Caldera Aira (Japan)
Pasinei nesimba rayo rokuparadza, hapana kuputika kukuru kunotarisirwa munguva yemberi iri pedyo. Nekudaro, ivo vanoramba vari nyaya yekudzidza nenharaunda yesainzi, vachipihwa mukana wavo wepasi rose.
Chii chinonzi supervolcanoes?
A supervolcano igomba rinoputika rakaburitsa kuputika kwevhoriyamu inodarika 1,000 cubic kilometres. Are kuputika Izvo hazviwanzo kuwanikwa, asi mhedzisiro yazvo inogona kukuvadza, inokanganisa mamiriro ekunze epasi rose, kusiyana-siyana kwehupenyu uye budiriro yevanhu. Kusiyana nemakomo anoputika echinyakare, makomo anoputika haana chimiro chakafanana neconical uye basa rawo rinogona kunge risiri pachena.
Yellowstone Supervolcano
Iyo Yellowstone Caldera, iri muYellowstone National Park, pamwe ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa pasi rose. Yake caldera Inoyera ingangoita 55 ne 72 makiromita. Yellowstone yakasangana nepamusoro-soro katatu mumakore apfuura 2.1 miriyoni makore, ichangopfuura makore 640,000 apfuura. Parizvino, inoonekwa seyakashanda nekuda kwekugara kwegeothermal chiitiko, kuvapo kwehurongwa hombe hwemakamuri magma, uye kugara kuchiitika kwekudengenyeka kudiki. Zvisinei, mukana wokuputika kwemvura munguva pfupi iri kutevera wakaderera, maererano nemasayendisiti eUnited States Geological Survey (USGS). Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve supervolcano iyi, unogona kuverenga nezve yakasarudzika maitiro e Yellowstone.
Toba Supervolcano
Lake Toba supervolcano, iri muSumatra, Indonesia, yakave nekuputika kwayo kwekupedzisira makore anenge 74,000 2 apfuura, iyo inoonekwa seimwe yekuputika kukuru kwemamiriyoni maviri emakore apfuura. Kuputika uku kwakava netapuro huru pamamiriro okunze epasi rose, zvichiita kuti “chando chegomo rinoputika” chive chakaderera zvakanyanya huwandu hwevanhu. Kunyangwe Toba ichiramba ichiratidzira geothermal chiitiko uye seismic chiitiko, hapana humbowo hwekuputika kuri pedyo.
Lake Taupo Supervolcano
Lake Taupo, iri paNorth Island yeNew Zealand, imusha weimwe yemakomo anoputika ane simba zvikuru pasi rose. Kuputika kukuru kwekupedzisira kweTaupo kwakaitika makore angangoita 26,500 apfuura uye kunozivikanwa seOruanui kuputika. Nzvimbo iyi yave nekuputika kudiki kubva ipapo, kuchangoitika makore 1,800 apfuura. Taupo inoramba ichitariswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekugona kwayo kuputika mune ramangwana.
Caldera Valleys, United States
Valles Caldera, iri muNew Mexico, USA, uchapupu hwenhoroondo inoshamisa yenzvimbo yepasi. Yakagadzirwa angangoita mamirioni 1.25 makore apfuura panguva yeVEI 8 kuputika, ndeimwe yeakanyanya kukosha supervolcano muNorth America. Kunyange zvazvo isati yasangana nekuputika kwemazuva ano kwehukuru hwakadaro, yayo inoshanda volcanic system inoda kutariswa uye kudzidza kuongorora kugona kwayo.
Long Valley Caldera
Iri kumabvazuva kweCalifornia, iyo Long Valley Caldera imwe yakakurumbira supervolcano. Anenge makore 760,000 XNUMX apfuura, yakasangana nokuputika kukuru kwakaguma nokuumbwa kwegomba rayo razvino. Kunyangwe iyo yakaramba isingaite munguva pfupi yapfuura, iyi sisitimu inoramba iri nyaya yekuongororwa kwesainzi nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwegeothermal.
Campi Flegrei, Itari
Nzvimbo inoputika yeCampi Flegrei, pedyo neNaples, Italy, ndeimwe yemakomo ane ngozi zvikuru pasi rose. Gomba rayo rinorebesa kupfuura makiromita gumi nematatu muhupamhi uye rakasangana nekuputika kwakawanda. Kuputika kwakakosha kwekupedzisira kwakaitika muna 13, asi ikozvino geothermal basa rinoita ngozi kuvagari vakapoteredza.
Aira Caldera, Japan
Iyo Aira caldera, iri muJapan, ine mukurumbira nekuda kwekuputika kwayo. Ndiko kumusha kune inoyevedza Sakurajima gomo rinoputika, iro rakaputika nguva pfupi yadarika. Iyo Aira caldera yakave nemhedzisiro yakakura pamamiriro enzvimbo netsika, zvichiita kuti kuongororwa kwayo kuve kwakakosha kune kuchengetedzwa kwevagari vepedyo.
La Garita Boiler
Garita Caldera, iri muColorado, U.S.A., igomo rinoputika rekare rakaona kuputika kwakakura kwazvo pasi pano. Makore angangoita mamirioni makumi maviri nemanomwe apfuura, caldera iyi yakasangana nekuputika kweVEI 27 iyo yakaburitsa huwandu hukuru hwemadota, ichigadzira chimiro chazvino. Kunyangwe isisiri kushanda, studio yake inopa mashoko ruzivo rwakakosha nezve geological nhoroondo yePasi.
Ischia, Italy
Ischia, chitsuwa chiri muGungwa reTyrrhenian, chikamu chePhlegraean Islands uye inzvimbo isingazivikanwe asi yakakosha nzvimbo inoputika. Kuputika kwayo kwekupedzisira kwakaitika muna 1302. Mamiriro ekuputika kwechitsuwa anoramba ari a pfungwa yekufarira kune vashanyi uye masayendisiti zvakafanana.
Monitoring uye Surveillance
Nharaunda yesainzi inosimbisa zvakanyanya pane kuongorora yemakomo anoputika aya nekuda kwenjodzi dzingangokonzeresa. Masangano akadai seU.S. Geological Survey (USGS) neIndonesian Geological Monitoring Agency anoshandisa tekinoroji yepamusoro kuona zviratidzo zvekuitika kwegomo rinoputika, sekuchinja kwechiitiko chekudengenyeka kwenyika kana kuparara kwepasi. Muenzaniso wekuti makomo anoputika muUnited States ari kuongororwa sei anogona kuwanikwa mune ino posvo.
Mikana yekuputika kukuru muhupenyu hwedu yakaderera zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa uye kutsvagisa kwakakosha kugadzirira dambudziko rinogona kuitika. Jekiseni reguruva rinoputika mu stratosphere rinogona kukonzera shanduko huru mumamiriro ekunze epasi rose, pamwe nekukanganisa kurima uye hutano hwevanhu. Naizvozvo, kuongorora nekunzwisisa zviitiko izvi kwakakosha.
- Supervolcanos inogona kukonzera shanduko yemamiriro ekunze pasi rose.
- Yellowstone nderimwe remakomo anoputika uye anotyiwa zvakanyanya munyika.
- Supervolcano kuputika kunotarisirwa kuve kushoma zvakanyanya uye zvisingaite munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
- Tekinoroji dzemazuva ano dzinobvumira kutarisisa kunoshanda kweizvi geological phenomena.
