Tectonic mahwendefa akakura, akaomarara zvidimbu zvePasi lithosphere izvo zvine basa rekufamba uye kumisikidzwa kwepasi redu. Hurukuro hwePasi hune maumbirwo akakura ematombo anozivikanwa setectonic plates, ayo akakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakawanda uye anofamba zvishoma nezvishoma nekuda kwekupisa kwemukati mepasi. Kune marudzi akasiyana e tectonic plate kumativi.
Chimiro uye kufamba kwe tectonic plates
Cortex
Kuumbwa kweNyika kunogona kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Chimiro chemukati chePasi chine mitsara mitatu yakadzika, imwe neimwe iine maumbirwo ayo akasiyana uye masimba. Aya maturu anosanganisira core, mantle, uye crust. Iyo crust, iyo inoumba tectonic plates, Yakakamurwa uye inosiyana mukukora uye maitiro epamusoro. Iwe unogona zvakare kuwedzera ruzivo rwako nezve kuumbwa kweizvi zvimiro mune yedu chinyorwa Makomo akaumbwa sei.
Kufamba kwemahwendefa etectonic kuburikidza nezvizvarwa. Kuongorora kwemafungu ekudengenyeka kwenyika, kunyanya seismic refraction uye kufungisisa, kwakapa ruzivo rwakakosha nezve kuumbwa kwemukati mePasi, zvichiratidza kuvepo kwenzvimbo nhatu dzakasiyana kana mitsara, imwe yacho igoko rePasi.
Kuumbwa nekukora kwedombo rerudzi urwu kunosiyana zvichienderana nekuti rinowanikwa munzvimbo dzemunyanza here kana kuti dzekondinendi. Inoumbwa kuburikidza nekusiyanisa kwejasi, zvichibva mukusanganiswa kwechikamu. The oceanic crust inosiyana mukukora, pakati pe7 ne25 km, uye inonyanya kuumbwa nematombo ebasaltic. Nekune rimwe divi, iyo continental crust yakakora, inoyera pakati pe30 ne70 km, uye inoumbwa zvakanyanya nematombo eandesitic.
nguvo
Inoita 85% yehuwandu hwePasi uye inotambanukira kubva kuMoho kusvika kumuganhu pakati pejasi nepakati, nekudzika kunosvika 2.891 km. Aya maitiro anoenderana ne marudzi emaplateti nekudyidzana kwawo musimba renyika.
Kutamisa kupisa kubva mukati mepakati penyika kuenda kune crust kunofambiswa nebasa rayo seyekupisa conductor. Chiitiko ichi, chinonzi convection currents, ndicho chinofambisa kufamba kwetectonic plates. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani kuti maitiro aya anokanganisa sei pasi pePasi, unogona kuwedzera ruzivo rwako muchinyorwa chedu Zviedza zvakaonekwa muMexico mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika.
Core
Simbiso yemagnetic field inogadzirwa nezvinhu zvinorema senge simbi, nickel, vanadium uye cobalt kuburikidza nekudyidzana nekupisa kwemukati inotsigirwa neavhareji radius ye3481 km.. Mhedzisiro huru yekupisa uku inogona kuverengerwa kune maviri makuru masosi.
Kune maviri makuru manyuko ekupisa mukati mePasi: kupisa kwekutanga kunokonzerwa neplanetesimal kukanganisa uye kuburitswa kwesimba regiravhiti panguva yekuumbwa kwepasi, uye kupisa kunogadzirwa neradioactive kuora kwezvinhu zvakaita seuranium, thorium, uye potassium. Uyezve, kufamba kwemahwendefa mu asthenosphere kunobatsirawo mukupararira kwese kwekupisa mukati meNyika.
Kudyidzana pakati pemahwendefa
Kudyidzana pakati pemapuleti e lithospheric, ayo anoumba kunze kwePasi, kunoguma nenhevedzano yezviitiko zve geological zvakadai sekuputika kwemakomo, deformations of the earth crust, seismic zviitiko uye sedimentary process. Kuti uongorore zvakadzama kuti kudyidzana uku kunogadzira sei mafambiro mu cortex, unogona zvakare kubvunza ongororo yedu pa. Kudengenyeka kwepasi kunoshandura sei elastic properties yePasi. Izvi zvinoenderana zvakananga nemafambiro avo nemhedzisiro.
Plate movement inokonzerwa kunyanya nekupisa kwemukati kunowanikwa mukati me lithosphere. Pane zvakati wandei zvakakosha zvinokonzeresa chiitiko ichi. Iyo lithosphere inosangana nekumanikidzwa kubva kune inokwira asthenosphere, inozivikanwa se ridge thrust, nepo kunyura kweiyo oceanic lithosphere yekare kunoshandisa simba rinonzi slab pull. Kukosha kwemasimba aya kuri mukukanganisa kwavo pachiyero chekutama kwemahwendefa uye chikamu chinowirirana cheplate margin chakabatanidzwa kune subduction zone.
Iyo yekusveta slab process inosanganisira kudzoka kweiyo subducted lithosphere, nepo rinopikisa simba rinoitwa nekukweva viscous muasthenosphere. Nekufamba kwenguva, zvidzidzo zvakakura zvakabatsira mukuvandudza nekunzwisisa kwedzidziso yeplate tectonics.
Plate tectonic theory
Dzidziso yeplate tectonics inosanganisa pfungwa yekudonha kwecontinental nemaitiro ekupararira kwepasi pegungwa, zvichigadzira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwePasi rose geological phenomena. Kufamba kwemahwendefa ePasi kunofambiswa nekuwedzera kwegungwa kana continental crust inofukidza lithosphere, izvo zvinovabvumira kufamba pamusoro penyika. Kuwedzera uku kune hukama nezviitiko zvakaita sekuzvarwa kwemakoru matsva pakati pegungwa, izvo zvaunogona kuongorora muzvinyorwa zvine chekuita nazvo. nzira yeplate tectonics.
Mahwendefa etectonic ePasi zvikamu zvakakura zvemukati wepasi zvinofamba uye zvinodyidzana. Kupararira kweSeafloor ndiyo mhedzisiro ye convection mujasi, zvichitungamira mukuumbwa kweiyo oceanic crust pakati pegungwa mitsetse. Nekufamba kwenguva, goko iri zvishoma nezvishoma rinosimuka kubva pamutsetse. Nekufamba kwenguva, goko rinogona kunyura uye nekuparara sezvo richisangana neimwe tectonic plate.
Mazhinji ekudengenyeka kwenyika kunoparadza zvakanyanya kunoitika paPasi, nechikero cheRichter chepamusoro, inogona kuve yakakonzerwa nekufamba kwe tectonic plates. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvekuti mafambiro aya anokanganisa sei pamusoro, tinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire chinyorwa chedu pa.
Tectonic plate miganhu
Dzidziso yeTectonic Plates inoisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemaplate miganhu mukati megadziriro yayo. Mhedzisiro inocherekedzwa yemasimba etectonic inonyanya kutaurwa munzvimbo dzakamanikana dzekusangana, dzinozivikanwa semaplate miganhu, panoitika kufamba. Kuti unzwisise zvakadzama kuti miganhu iyi inogadzirwa sei, unogona kubvunza kuti inopesvedzera sei kuumbwa kwe Makomo anoputika epasi pemvura uye nemhedzisiro yawo. Zvakare, kana iwe uchida kuenda zvakadzika mune yavo mhando uye kusiyana, tinokurudzira kuti uongorore chinyorwa chedu pa.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzemiganhu yeplate dzinosanganisira divergent plate miganhu. Miganhu inochinjika, inozivikanwawo semiganhu inoparadza, ndeiya panodhumhana mahwendefa odyidzana. Iyi miganhu inogona kuiswa mumhando nhatu: oceanic-continental, oceanic-oceanic, uye continental-continental. Mukusangana kwegungwa-panyika, dhishi remugungwa rinodzika pasi pendiro yekondinendi shoma, ichiita mugero uye ichikonzera kuitika kwegomo rinoputika. Izvi zvinotungamirira pakusikwa kwemakomo, akadai seAndes. Oceanic-oceanic convergence inoitika apo mahwendefa maviri egungwa anodhumhana, zvichiguma nokuumbwa kwezvitsuwa zvinoputika, zvakadai seJapan nePhilippines.
Pakupedzisira, kuwirirana kwekondinendi-kondinendi kunoitika apo mahwendefa maviri ekondinendi anodhumhana, zvichikonzera kushanduka kukuru uye kuumbwa kwemakomo, akadai seHimalayas. Kudhumhana pakati pemahwendefa eIndia neEurasia kwakakonzera makomo makuru eHimalaya. Iyi miganho inotenderera ine simba uye inogara ichigadzira nzvimbo yePasi kwemamiriyoni emakore.
Miganhu inoparadza, inozivikanwawo semiganho yekudzikisa, inoitika kana goko raparadzwa sendiro imwe inodzika pasi peimwe. Iyi nzira inosanganisira kudzokororwa kwegoko, sezvo mahwendefa anouya pamwe chete uye imwe inonyura pasi peimwe. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani kuti zvinyorwa izvi zvinoitika sei, tinokurudzira kuti uongorore chinyorwa chedu pa Kudengenyeka kwepasi uye hukama hwavo nenzvimbo dzekudzikisa.
Kana mahwendefa maviri enyanza akaungana pamwe chete nenzira inozivikanwa seoceanic-oceanic convergence, ndiro imwe inowanzodzika pasi peimwe, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwegoronga. Muenzaniso weizvi unogona kuonekwa muMariana Trench, iyo inotarisana neMariana Islands.
ari Conservative limits, inozivikanwawo semiganho yekushandura, inoitika kana goko reNyika richitsvedza zvakachinjika pakati pemahwendefa pasina chero zvisikwa kana kuparadzwa. Nzvimbo yeMediterranean-Alpine, iri pakati peEurasian neAfrica mahwendefa, muenzaniso wemiganhu iyi. Munzvimbo iyi, zvidimbu zvidiki zvidiki, zvinonzi microplaques, zvakaonekwa.
