Zvikepe zvakanyura muGungwa Dzvuku
Sezvaitarisirwa, pane dzimwe nguva paizova nezviitiko apo ngarava yaizokundwa nesimba risingaregi redutu. Nekudaro, ruzivo rwakatenderedza magumo echikepe nevashandi vayo zvicharamba zvakavanzika.
Iyo yakasarudzika yemakemikari kuumbwa kweiyo Gungwa Dzvuku pasi inobvumira kuchengetedza organic zvinhu, izvo zvakakonzera kuwanda kwengarava kupunzika. akachengetedzwa zvinoshamisa seuchapupu hunobatika hwenhoroondo inotangira muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi 19.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, huni inoshatisa nekukurumidza kana yaiswa mumvura yemunyu. Nekudaro, iyo yakasarudzika kemikari yepasi pegungwa munzvimbo ino inobvumira kuchengetedzwa kwe organic zvinhu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ngarava dzakawanda dzakazorora pauriri hwegungwa dzinoramba dzakasimba, zvichipa humbowo hwakajeka kurondedzero yenhoroondo kubva muzana ramakore rechi 9 kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi 19.
Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, hapana zvikepe zvakanyura zvakanga zvaonekwa muBlack Sea. Zvaivawo zvisingatarisirwi kuti munhu aizosangana navo. Nekudaro, rwendo rwekunze rwepasi rose, rwakatungamirwa neYunivhesiti yeSouthampton (England), Akawana makumi mana nerimwe ezvikepe izvi uye akatora mifananidzo yazvo yakadzama.
Rodrigo Pacheco Ruiz
Munhu ane rombo rakanaka akaona ngarava yakanyura akanga asiri mumwe kunze kwaRodrigo Pacheco Ruiz, nyanzvi inoremekedzwa mune zvekuchera matongo zvemugungwa. Akanyarara zvachose pakuonekwa pamberi pake, akamira achitya runako rwakakwana rwengarava yekare yakanga yazorora. nerunyararo pakudzika kusinganzwisisike kwemamita mazana matatu kweanoda kusvika zviuru zviviri zvemakore.
Pa udzamu ihwohwo uye pazera rayo, ngarava inoramba iine mavara akaoma kunzwisisa anosiiwa nesando nechisero, pamwe chete netambo dzamaronda nokungwarira uye mapuranga anoyevedza. Uku kuwonekwa kunoshamisa, sezvo zvinhu zvine hungwaru zvakadaro zvisati zvambonyorwa.
Muchokwadi, chinangwa chechokwadi cherwendo rwesainzi chakanangana nekuongorora mhedzisiro inokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kunyanya, timu yakaronga kuona mwero weBlack Sea, yaimbova dziva iri nyore panguva yeIce Age, yakazadzwa nemvura. Tsvakurudzo iyi yakakosha zvikuru, sezvo chikamu cheBulgaria yazvino chakanyura pasi pegungwa.
Nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo Rodrigo Pacheco Ruiz akashaya chokutaura paakawana chikepe chakanga chisina kuchinja kwemakore 1.800 300, chakavigwa mamita XNUMX kudzika. Kuyevedza kwechikepe kwakamusiya achitya.
Sezvo tembiricha dziri kuramba dzichichinja-chinja uye mazaya echando achinyangarika nokukurumidza munzvimbo dzine makomo, uyewo muAntarctica neGreenland, zvinonyaradza kuva nenzwisiso yakajeka yenguva yasara iripo yokuronga mamwe mazano munzvimbo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa.
Kuwedzera kwemvura yemunyu
Munguva yakapfuura, makore angangoita 12.000 XNUMX apfuura, chiitiko chinoshamisa chakaitika apo kukwira kwekushisa kwePasi kwakakonzera kuti Gungwa reMediterranean riwedzere mvura yaro ine munyu. Kuwedzera uku kwakakonzera kuvhozhokera kweBlack Sea kuburikidza neyava kunzi Bosphorus Strait nhasi. Semagumo, Gungwa Dzvuku rakawana makemikari akasiyana. Musoro wayo wepamusoro une mweya weokisijeni unokosha unounzwa nenzizi huru dzeEurope dzinoyerera dzichipinda mairi. Nekudaro, mukati memukati memuviri uyu wemvura okisijeni haisipo, ichigadzira nharaunda isina hupenyu nekuda kweanoxia. Sezvineiwo, uku kushaikwa kweokisijeni kunochengetedza nyaya, ichidzivirira kubva mukusangana neoxidation.
Rwendo urwu rwakatangwa nezviridzwa zvinoshamisa zvakagadzirirwa kuita mepu yepasi pegungwa. Motokari mbiri dzine simba guru, dzakashongedzerwa nemakamera echizvino-zvino e3D anokwanisa kutora chero maminetsi mashoma, akabvumira kuvakwazve zvine hungwaru kwenzvimbo yakadzidzwa.
Surveyor Expedition
Chishandiso chepasi pemvura chinoshamisa chinozivikanwa seSurveyor Interceptor chinodarika kumhanya kwemotokari dzepasi pemvura dzechinyakare. Yakashongedzerwa nemidziyo ye geophysical, yakakwirira-tsanangudzo makamera, mwenje uye laser scanner, ichi chisikwa chemagetsi chinotaridzika sechisikwa kubva munzvimbo yesainzi fiction.
Munguva yese yekuferefeta, akabudirira kusvika pakudzika kusati kwamboitika kwemamita 1.800, kuchengetedza sipidhi inopfuura 6 knots uye kuvhara chinhambwe chinoshamisa chemakiromita 1.250.
Rwendo rwacho rwakanga rwune chinangwa chakasiyana chose chose mundangariro, asi ipapo, pasina nguva, ngarava dzakabuda pasi pegungwa semaruva, chiono chinokatyamadza chairatidzika kuva chipo chinobva mukati menguva.
Muzvinafundo Jon Adams, muvambi anoremekedzwa uye mutungamiriri weCentre for Maritime Archaeology paYunivhesiti yeSouthampton, akatanga chikepe chesainzi Stril Explorer, akazvipira zvizere kuongorora nyika mukutsvaga mabasa anoita seasingakundiki.
"Mukuda kwedu kunzwisisa kukanganisa kwekukwira kwemvura muhuwandu hwevanhu vanogara mumahombekombe eGungwa Dzvuku reBulgaria, tinozviwana tichinetsekana nemibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro penguva, kumhanya uye mhedzisiro yechiitiko ichi."
Chinangwa chikuru chechirongwa ichi chaive chekuita ongororo yejoloji yekuona nzvimbo dzakanyura pasi pegungwa reBlack Sea. Izvi zvaisanganisira kuunganidza masamples, kuaongorora, kuona zera rawo, uye kuvakazve nharaunda yeprehistoric nharaunda. Tisingatarisiri, panguva yekuferefeta uku kwe geophysical, takawana kuwanikwa kunoshamisa: pfuma yakanyura muchimiro chezvikepe zvekare. “Kunyangwe ngarava idzi dzaive chinhu chinonakidza, tarisiro yedu yakaramba iri papaleoenvironmental study. "Zvinoshamisa chaizvo kuti zvikepe izvi zvakachengetedzwa sei nekuda kwemamiriro eokisijeni-akapera pasi pemamita 159 muGungwa Dzvuku," Adams akatsanangura.
Nekushandisa yekucheka-kumucheto 3D yekurekodha tekinoroji yakagadzirirwa zvakananga kune zvakanyura zvimiro, mifananidzo inokatyamadza yakabatwa zvakabudirira pasina kukonzeresa chero nyonganiso kugungwa. Iyi nzira yeunyowani yakatungamira kune ruzivo rwepasi rose mundima iyi, sezvo pasina aive awana mhando dzakakwana dzakadai dzengarava dzakanyura pakadzika pakadzika uku.
Iyo Bulgarian maritime papuratifomu ndiyo yega inotarisisa mishoni, zvichiratidza mukana wezvakawanda zvekuwedzera zvakazarurwa zvisingatarisirwe.
Pakati pezvikepe 41 zvakawanikwa, zvimwe zvakatanga muzana remakore rechisere, panguva yekutonga kweByzantine Empire munharaunda yacho. Zvisinei, kwaivawo nezvikepe zvaitumirwa nevaOttoman sultans nevatengesi, pamwe nevafambisi vezvikepe veVenetian vaigara vachitengesera munharaunda iyi uye vakawirwa nedutu rinonyengera.
Pakati pekuunganidza zvikepe Kune mabhoti anotangira kubva ku1800th, XNUMXth uye XNUMXth century, pamwe nerimwe kubva mugore raXNUMX.. Nokuongorora zvitaera zvehari, mhando dzezvibatiso, uye magadzirirwo edanda, vanochera matongo vanogona kuziva nguva chaiyo nenzvimbo yekubva kwengarava.
Maererano naProfessor Adams, zvinokatyamadza kuona ngarava iyo Marco Polo angadai akaziva nyore, sezvo ichitiyeuchidza nezvemabasa akakurumbira ekutengeserana evaItaly muGungwa Dzvuku mukati meMiddle Ages.
Chinocherechedzwa zvakaenzana inzira inoshandiswa kuratidza hupfumi hwakanyura uhu kuvanhu. Uchishandisa 3D photogrammetry software, inova nzira yekutora mepu nezvirongwa kuburikidza nemifananidzo, seti yezviuru zvemifananidzo yakagadzirwa zvine hungwaru. Iyi nzira yakaoma inobvumira kugadzirwa kweiyo yakazara dhijitari modhi, iyo inogona kuongororwa uye kuongororwa kubva kune akasiyana maonero.
Mota dzepasi pemvura dzakashandisa zvizere kugona kwadzo kunoshamisa maawa makumi maviri nemana pazuva. Nenzira iyi, Vakabudirira kuwana boka rezvikepe zvakapararira pamusoro penzvimbo huru ye2.000 square kilometers. Uye uku ndiko kutanga kwerwendo rwako runoshamisa.