Pavanenge vachifunga nezvezvinhu zvakaoma zvikuru pasi pano zvakaitwa nomunhu, vanhu vakawanda vanobva vangofunga nezvemadhaimani. Uye pasina mubvunzo ndeimwe yezvinhu zvakaomesesa papasi. Zvakadaro, kune zvinhu zvinodarika nyangwe madhaimani maererano nekusimba uye kusimba.
Muchinyorwa chino tichakuudza kuti ndechipi chinhu chakaomesesa munyika uye chii chinoita kuti chinhu chiome.
Chii chinonzi kuoma
Kana tichitaura maererano nekuchena, kuoma kwechinhu kunotarwa neatomu uye mamorekuru. Kuumbwa uku kunogona kugadzirwa kuburikidza nehuwandu husingagumi hwemusanganiswa unogoneka, uye imwe neimwe yezvinyorwa musanganiswa wezvinhu ndiyo inozopedzisira yasarudza yakasarudzika makemikari uye emuviri hunhu.
Nekuda kwechimiro chayo cheatomu, kabhoni chinhu chakasarudzika chakasarudzika. Kunyangwe iine maproton matanhatu chete mukati memukati wayo, kabhoni inokwanisa kugadzira akawanda akaomarara zvisungo nekuda kwekusiyana-siyana kweiyo bond geometries. Zvakare chinocherechedzwa kugona kwekabhoni kusanganisa pachayo, kunyanya pakumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, uko yakagadzika crystal lattice inogona kugadzirwa. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka aya, maatomu ekabhoni anogona kugadzira chimiro chinogara chakasimba chinonzi dhaimondi.
Kubva pakatanga nanotechnology, zvave kuzivikanwa kuti pane zvingangoita zvitanhatu zvikamu zvezvinhu zvinopfuura simba remadhaimani. Uyezve, zvinokwanisika kuti mari iyi ichawedzera mune ramangwana.
Zvinhu zvakaoma zvikuru munyika
Wurtzite
Wurtzite ine mukurumbira nekusimba kwayo kwakasarudzika, kazhinji ichienzaniswa nekusimba kweiyo magma yakaoma yegomo rinoputika. Uchishandisa maatomu asiri kabhoni, zvinokwanisika kugadzira kristaro ine boron nitride (BN) sechimwe chezvikamu. Izvi zvinogadzira mikana yakawanda sezvo yechishanu neyechinomwe zvinhu zveperiodic table zvinobatana. Iko kusanganiswa kunoguma kunogona kuvapo nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira amorphous (isina-crystalline), hexagonal (graphite-like), cubic (yakapfava kupfuura diamond), uye wurtzite.
Pamisiyano yese inobvira, fomu yekupedzisira ndiyo inoshamisa uye yakaoma kwazvo kugadzira. Wurtzite inomuka chete panguva yekuputika kwegomo uye yakawanikwa muhuwandu hushoma, saka kuomarara kwayo chaiko hakuna kuedzwa pamwero mukuru. Zvisinei, wurtzite inoumba rudzi rwakasiyana rwecrystal lattice, iyo iri tetrahedral pane kutarisana ne cubic. Iwo achangoburwa simulations anoratidza kuti inodarika diamond ne18% maererano nekuoma.
Lonsdaleite
Lonsdaleite iminerari ine kuoma kwayo inyaya yekufarira, kunyanya mumunda wekutsvagisa meteorite. Kana tikafungidzira mamiriro ezvinhu umo meteorite ine kabhoni, kunyanya graphite, yakapinda mumhepo yePasi uye yakasangana nepasi redu, zvingave zvine musoro kufunga kuti muviri uyu ungave uchipisa zvakanyanya pakubata. Nekudaro, chokwadi ndechekuti mativi ekunze chete emeteorite angave ari pasi pekudziya, nepo mukati ichiramba ichitonhora kwenguva zhinji yerwendo rwayo kuenda kuNyika.
Pakukanganisa, masimba emukati anoitwa haaenzaniswi nechimwe chiitiko chemusikirwo chiri pamusoro pePasi. Iyi dzvinyiriro huru inoita kuti graphite iite shanduko, zvichikonzera chimiro chekristaro chakanyanya. Kusiyana nedhaimondi, chimiro ichi hachina cubic asi hexagonal, icho chinoburitsa kuoma kunodarika diamond ne58%.
Dyneema
Dyneema fiber inozivikanwa kuva yakasimba kudarika simbi. Tichienda kure nezvinhu zvakasikwa, tichaenda kune zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira. Paunenge uchitaura nezveDyneema, zvakakosha kuziva kuti iyo thermoplastic polyethylene polymer ine hunhu hunoshamisa: huremu hwayo hwemamorekuru hwakanyanya. Mamorekuru mazhinji ane cheni dzeatomu dzine huwandu hwezviuru zvishoma zveatomic mass units (proton uye/kana manyuturoni).
Nekudaro, UHMWPE (ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene) ine cheni dzine molecular mass yemamiriyoni emaatomic mass units. Maketani akareba akadaro anokonzeresa kukwidziridzwa kweintermolecular kudyidzana, pakupedzisira kugadzira Dyneema, chinhu chakasimba chakasimba. Muchokwadi, ine yakanyanya mhedzisiro yekupikisa kune ese anozivikanwa thermoplastics. Ichi chinhu chakasimba zvekuti chinokunda mamwe ese anosunga pasi uye tambo dzekukwevera pamusika. Inotokwanisa kumisa mabara kunyangwe ichireruka pane mvura. Muchokwadi, Dyneema ine simba rakapetwa kagumi neshanu kupfuura yakaenzana yesimbi.
Amorphous metallic alloy kana girazi resimbi
Zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvezvinhu zvese zvemuviri isimba, kana huwandu hwesimba raanogona kutsungirira, uye kuomarara, kana kugona kwayo kuramba kutyoka. Isu tinoshandisa ceramics semuenzaniso: yakasimba, asi haina kuoma zvakanyanya; Vanogona kuputsa kunyange nekaitiro kadiki. Zvisinei, muna 2011, boka revasayendisiti nevatsvakurudzi vakawana rudzi rutsva rwegirazi regirazi, rinoumbwa nezvinhu zvishanu: phosphorus, silicon, germanium, sirivheri, uye palladium. Ichi chitsva chinyorwa chakasimba kupfuura simbi.
buckypaper
Kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi2, zvakaonekwa kuti kune mhando yekabhoni inoshingirira kupfuura madhaimondi: kabhoni nanotubes. Nekuronga maatomu ekabhoni muchimiro chine mativi matanhatu, chiumbwa chakasimba checylindrical chinowanikwa chakatsiga kupfuura chero chimwe chimiro chakawanikwa nemunhu. Imwe neimwe nanotube iri pakati pe4 ne10 nanometer mudhayamita, asi imwe neimwe yakasimba zvinokatyamadza uye yakasimba. Carbon nanotubes inorema XNUMX% chete yesimbi, asi simba rawo rinopfuura mazana emazana. Iwo zvakare anodzivirira moto, ane yakanakisa thermal conductivity uye ane anocherekedza emagetsi ekudzivirira ekudzivirira. Ichi chinyorwa chine mashandisirwo akasiyana mundima senge zvinhu fizikisi, zvemagetsi, zvemauto tekinoroji uye biology.
Sezvauri kuona, pane zvinhu zvakabvisa dhaimondi sechinhu chakaomesesa munyika. Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvinhu zvakanyanya kuoma munyika uye maitiro ayo.
