Aluminium chinhu chesimbi chinomiririrwa nechiratidzo "Al" muperiodic table uye ndicho chechitatu chinonyanyo zivikanwa muEarth crust: 8% yeEarth crust ine aruminiyamu mune zvakasiyana-siyana. Kune akawanda zvinhu zvealuminium izvo zvinoita kuti ive simbi inoshandiswa nevakawanda pasi rose.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti zvinhu zvealuminium ndezvipi, kukosha kwayo uye nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Dzimwe nhoroondo
Aluminium yakatanga kuparadzaniswa mukati 1825 naDanish fizikisi HC Orsted uye nhasi iri, pamwe nesimbi, simbi inonyanya kushandiswa nevanhu.. Ichi chinhu chinowanikwawo mune mazhinji maumbirwo ematombo uye zvipenyu. Nekudaro, muzvisikwa hazviwanikwe mune yayo yakachena mamiriro, asi sechikamu cheakawanda silicates nemaminerari.
Nekuda kwehuremu hwayo huremu, yakanaka ductility, hupenyu hurefu hwesevhisi uye kuramba kwemarara, ndiyo imwe yesimbi inobatsira uye inonyanya kushandiswa nevanhu mumaindasitiri. Inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzealloys kugadzira nhamba huru yemidziyo nemidziyo, pamwe nezvikamu zvemichina yakasiyana-siyana.
Zvivakwa zvealuminium
Izvi ndezvimwe zvezvinhu zvealuminium zvinoita kuti zvive nemukurumbira uye kushandiswa pasi rose:
- Kureruka: Aluminium inozivikanwa nekureruka zvakanyanya. Huremu hwayo hunosvika chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chesimbi, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chakakodzera chekushandisa uko kusimba kwakakwira uye kushomeka kunodiwa, senge muindasitiri yemuchadenga uye kugadzira mota. Mukuwedzera, kureruka kwayo uye kusimba kunoita kuti ive imwe nzira inoshanda kune zvimwe zvinhu mukushandisa kwakawanda.
- Good magetsi uye thermal conductivity: Aluminium yakanakisa conductor yemagetsi uye kupisa. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakakosha mumashandisirwo anoda kufambiswa kwakanaka kwesimba remagetsi kana kupisa kupisa, senge tambo dzemagetsi uye zvinhu zvemagetsi, uko kufambiswa kwakakosha.
- Corrosion resistance: Aluminium ine natural oxide layer pamusoro payo inoidzivirira kubva mukuora. Iyi nhete, yekuzvirapa yega inoipa yakanakisa kusakara, ichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kunyorera munzvimbo dzine hunyoro kana kupisa, chinhu chakakosha mukuvaka uye maindasitiri akasiyana.
- Malleability uye nyore kuumbwaAluminium inoumbika uye inogona kuumbwa kuita akasiyana maumbirwo kuburikidza nekukunguruka, extrusion, uye forging process. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzira zvikamu zvetsika uye zvikamu, zvakanakira kusangana nezvinodiwa zvemaindasitiri akasiyana.
- Recyclability: Aluminium inonyanya kushandiswa zvakare. Inogona kunyungudutswa uye kudzokororwa yadzokororwa isingarasikirwe nehunhu hwayo, ichiita kuti ive inogadzika uye ine hushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza. Muchokwadi, kudzokorodza kwealuminium inzira inoshandisa simba shoma pane yekutanga kugadzirwa kwealuminium.
- Aesthetic chimiro: Aluminium ine inopenya, inoyevedza sirivha yekupedzisa inoita kuti ive yakakurumbira mune zvekunakisa zvikumbiro senge kurongedza, mafaremu emahwindo, uye zvekushongedza zvinhu. Kushandiswa kwayo mukuvaka uye dhizaini zvakare inosimbisa kunaka kwayo kwekunaka uye kushanda.
- Kudzikira tembiricha kuramba: Kusiyana nezvimwe zvinhu zvinova brittle panguva yakaderera tembiricha, aruminiyamu anochengetedza simba rayo uye malleability kunyangwe pakadzika kwazvo tembiricha, zvichiita kuti ive yakakosha mune cryogenic application apo kugadzikana kunodiwa pasi pemamiriro akanyanya.
kushandiswa kwealuminium
Nzira yakajairika yekuwana aluminium inobva ku bauxite, mineral yakawanda paNyika. Iyi nzira inoda huwandu hwemagetsi emagetsi, izvo zvinoreva kuti inodhura nzira, asi chigumisiro chinhu chinobatsira chine hupenyu hurefu (corrosion resistant) uye yakaderera zvikuru yekudzorerazve mari. Zvose izvi zvinobatsira kuva mutengo wakagadzikana uye unova chinhu chehupfumi.
Aluminium chinhu chepakati uye chinogoneka mune mazhinji emaindasitiri evanhu, ane zvisingaverengeke maapplication. Kubva pakugadzirwa kwesimbi nemidziyo yemagetsi, zvese zviri muchimiro chakachena uye mune alloys (kunyanya ayo anobatsira kuoma kwavo), kusvika pakugadzirwa kwezvionioni, midziyo yakasiyana-siyana, mashizha ealuminium, tetrahedron, teresikopu, uye zvikamu zvakasungwa. Hazvishamisi kuti inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuvaka, zvekufambisa, uye zvemagetsi.
Aluminium yave iripo munhoroondo yevanhu yose muchimiro chemunyu uye inoshandiswa mukurapa uye mukuchenesa. Asi haina kuratidzika sechinhu chakachena kusvika 1825, apo Danish fizikisi HC Orsted akakwanisa kuwana mamwe masampuli asina kuchena kuburikidza ne electrolysis. Makore maviri gare gare, Friedrich Wöhler akawana yekutanga yakachena sampu.
Pakutanga yaionekwa sesimbi yakakosha uye yakaratidzwa neFrench Crown Jewels muna 1855, asi s.Kushandiswa kwaro kwakapararira uye mutengo wakaderera zvakaita kuti ive simbi yakajairika.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvealuminium: reactivity, recycling uye chepfu
Aluminium inonyanya kushandiswa, kunyange zvazvo inopesana nekuora kuburikidza nehupamhi hwealuminium oxide (Al2O3) inoumba kumativi ose muhupo hweokisijeni uye inodzivirira imwe simbi kubva pakuora. Inogona kuderedzwa nyore nyore nehydrochloric acid (kana sodium hydroxide (NaOH) uye zvakasiyana-siyana zveasidhi nemabhesi.
Aluminium inogona kunyatso shandiswazve pasina kushandura zvimiro zvayo zvemuviri, izvo zvinopa zvakati wandei zvakanakira hupfumi pane mamwe masimbi. Iko kushandiswa kwesimba kunodiwa pakuita uku kuduku zvakare. (5% chete yemaitiro ekutanga ekugadzira). Iyi recast aluminium inonzi "secondary aluminium."
Sezvo aruminiyamu iri simbi yakapfava uye isinganyanyi kumirisana nemakanika traction, ine zvakawanda zvekushandisa asi isingakurudzirwe sechinhu chechimiro. Nenzira iyi, inowanzobatanidzwa nedzimwe simbi kuti ibatsire kuomesa, senge magnesium, manganese, mhangura, zingi uye silicon, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange netitanium uye chromium.
Aluminium alloys anozivikanwa nenhevedzano:
- Series 1000. Inenge yakachena. Inenge 99% ialuminium.
- Series 2000. Copper alloy.
- Series 3000. Alloys ine manganese.
- Series 4000. Alloys ine nesilicon.
- Series 5000. magnesium alloy.
- Series 6000. Magnesium nesilicon alloys.
- Series 7000. Zinc alloy.
- Series 8000. Alloys nemamwe esimbi uye asiri-metallic zvinhu.
Kusiyana nezvave zvichitendwa kwemakumi emakore, aluminium haina kukuvadza kuvanhu. Haina muchetura nekuti aluminium kudya kunowanikwa mune zvishoma kuburikidza nematumbu. Nekudaro, inhalation yeguruva realuminium kana chikafu chakazara nechinhu chinogona kukonzera kukuvara kwechiropa neitsvo, kana neurotoxic zviratidzo, izvo zvinofanirwa kutariswa paunenge uchiongorora mashandisirwo ealuminium mumashandisirwo akasiyana.
Mazinga akakwirira ealuminium akave akabatanidzwawo nekutanga kwechirwere cheAlzheimer.
