Tinoziva kuti okisijeni igasi ratinoda kufema uye kuti ndiyo imwe yemamiriro ezvinhu kuti hupenyu husimuke sezvatinohuziva. The zvinhu zveokisijeni Dzakawanda uye hadzina kufanira kwatiri. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda havazvizivi.
Naizvozvo, isu tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze izvo zvakakosha zveokisijeni, maitiro ayo uye nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Chii chinonzi oxygen
Oxygen ikemikari chinhu chinorongwa sechisiri chesimbi. Inowanzowanikwa munzvimbo ine gasi uye yakawanda mumhepo yePasi. Saizvozvo, Inosanganisira 20,8% yehuwandu hwazvino hwemhepo mune yayo molecular form, O2. Muchadenga ndicho chechitatu chakanyanya kuwanda, mushure mehydrogen nehelium. Okisijeni chinhu chakakosha pahupenyu sekunzwisisa kwatinoita, uye inonyanya kukosha mukuumbwa kwemamorekuru emvura, H2O, kana asanganiswa nehydrogen.
Nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwekuita zvakanyanya, oxygen (O) haiwanzo kuwanikwa mune yayo yekutanga fomu. Pane kudaro, inowanzobatana nemamwe maatomu eokisijeni kuumba mamorekuru kana kuita nezvimwe zvinhu kugadzira makemikoro.
Kazhinji, iyo okisijeni molecule iri mu diatomic state (O2) pasi peyakajairwa kamuri yekumanikidza uye tembiricha. Zvisinei, Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, inogona kuvapo se triatomic molecule (ozone O3). Semuenzaniso, iyo ozone molecule mu stratosphere inogadzirwa nekuparara kweO2 ne ultraviolet chiedza. Kune rimwe divi, ozone mu troposphere inogadzirwa semhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwephotochemical pakati penitrogen oxides uye inoputika organic compounds.
Nekuda kwekukwira kwayo kuita zvekare, maatomu echinhu ichi anogona kuwanikwa mune dzakasiyana siyana organic uye inorganic makomisheni pasirese, aripo munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemata. Nekuda kweizvozvo, chinhu chinowanzoitika munyika nepasirese.
Zvinhu zveokisijeni
Aya ndiwo anonyanya kuzivikanwa uye anobatsira zvinhu zveokisijeni:
- Kemikari chiratidzo uye nhamba yeatomu: Okisijeni inomiririrwa nechiratidzo "O" patafura yeperiodic uye ine nhamba yeatomu ye8, zvichireva kuti ine mapurotoni masere mumukati mayo.
- Chimiro chemuviri Patembiricha yemumba, okisijeni iri munzvimbo ine gasi, ichigadzira molekuru O2. Iyi ndiyo nzira yakajairika yeokisijeni mumhepo yePasi.
- Haina ruvara, isina kunhuwa uye isina kunaka: Oxygen igasi risina ruvara, risinganhuhwi, uye risingaravi, zvichireva kuti hatigoni kuiona kuburikidza nepfungwa dzedu.
- Reactivity: Okisijeni inoshanda zvakanyanya. Inogona kuita neyakasiyana siyana yezvinhu, uye pfuma iyi yakakosha mukupisa uye mukufema kwezvipenyu.
- Hupenyu rutsigiro: Okisijeni yakakosha pakufema kweaerobic kwezvizhinji zvipenyu, kusanganisira vanhu. Mukuita uku, okisijeni inoshandiswa nemasero kugadzira simba.
- Kupisa: Okisijeni inodiwa pakupisa. Kana yasanganiswa nezvinhu zvinopisa, senge kabhoni mune oxidation process, inoburitsa kupisa uye chiedza. Izvi zvakakosha muindasitiri uye mukicheni, semuenzaniso.
- Solubility: Oxygen inonyungudika mumvura, izvo zvinoita kuti zvipenyu zvemumvura, sehove, zviiwane kubva mumvura kuti zvifeme. Ichi chivakwa chakafanana nekunyungudika kwezvimwe zvinhu mumvura, senge nitrogen, iyo iwe yaunogona kudzidza nezvayo zvakadzama muchinyorwa chedu pamusoro. nitrogen zvinhu.
- Kuwandisa: Okisijeni yakaoma kupfuura mweya, zvichireva kuti inowanzoungana pazasi penzvimbo dzakavharwa. Ichi chivakwa chine zvinoreva kuchengetedza munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri.
- Industrial applications: Oxygen inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekushandiswa kwemaindasitiri, kusanganisira simbi yekucheka nekucheka, kugadzirwa kwesimbi negirazi, uye kugadzira makemikari. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve zvivakwa zvezvimwe zvinhu, unogona kubvunza mapeji edu pa zvinhu zvealuminium o kuchinja kwemakemikari kwezvinhu.
- Environmental effects: Okisijeni yakakosha mumaitiro echisikigo senge oxidation yekuora organic zvinhu uye kuumbwa kwemaozone layers mu stratosphere, inodzivirira Pasi kubva kune ultraviolet mwaranzi. Ichi chikamu chekupedzisira chine chekuita nekukosha kweiyo ozone mumhepo yedu.
Origin uye kuwanikwa
Kunyange zvazvo humwe hunhu hweokisijeni hwakazivikanwa kubva kare kuburikidza nekudzidza kwemhepo, hazvina kusvika kusvika 1772 iyo. Carl Wilhelm Scheele, mufesi weSweden, akawana oxygen sechinhu. Mukati mokuedza kupisa mercury oxide, akaona kubuda kwe“mhepo yomoto.”
Mukati menguva imwe cheteyo, kwakanga kune mamwe masayendisiti akawanawo chiwanwa chakafanana nechaJoseph Priestley, mufundisi weBritain. Vakaita ongororo dzakafanana ndokuipa zita rekuti "dephlogisticated air."
Mushure memabasa ake ekutanga, Antoine de Lavoisier akazvitsaurira zvidzidzo zvake kuongororo ye oxidation uye kupisa. Akabvisa chitendero chekare chekuvapo kwe "phlogiston," chinhu chinofungidzirwa chinowanikwa mumafuta ose. Pane kudaro, yakaratidza kuvapo kwechimwe chinhu chitsva chemakemikari: oksijeni.
John Dalton akasika dzidziso yake yeatomu muna 1808. Dzidziso iyi yairatidza kuti kemikari imwe neimwe yaiva neatomu rimwe chete uye kuti chikamu chiduku zvikuru chechimwe nechimwe chaishandiswa kugadzira makomboni. Dalton aidavira kuti kemikari yemvura yemvura yaiva H O, kunyange izvi zvakazoonekwa kuti hazvina kururama. Iyo chaiyo formula yemvura iH2O.
Muna 1877, nyanzvi yefizikisi Raoul Pictet naLouis Paul Cailletet vakakwanisa kuwana mvura yeokisijeni, kunyange zvazvo huwandu hwakanga husina kukwana kuiongorora. Zvakadaro, nyanzvi yekemisitiri James Dewar akakwanisa kuwana huwandu hwakakwana hweokisijeni yemvura kuti iongororwe zvakare muna 1891. Muna 1895, nzira yekutanga yekugadzira okisijeni yemvura inokosha inotengeswa yakamiswa.
Zvimwe zvinhu zveokisijeni
Mumamiriro ekunze etembiricha uye kumanikidzwa, okisijeni haioneki pachitarisiko uye haina ruvara, hwema, kana kuravira. Oxygen inonyanya kunyungudika mumvura kupfuura nitrogen: Mvura yakachena ine 6,04 ml yeokisijeni parita uye mvura yegungwa ine 4,95 ml parita.
Patembiricha ye -182,95 °C, okisijeni inogona kuita shanduko kubva kune yayo gasi kuenda kune yayo yemvura, maitiro anozivikanwa se condensation. Pane yakadzika tembiricha, -218,79 °C, inogona kushanduka kubva kumvura kuenda kune yakasimba kana kuomesa. Panguva iyi, okisijeni inotora ruvara rwebhuruu rusina kujeka.
Oxygen isotopes chinhu chakakosha chekutsvaga kwesainzi. Aya isotopes akasiyana-siyana emaatomu eokisijeni ane nhamba dzakasiyana dzemanyuturoni, izvo zvinokonzeresa kusiyana kwehuremu hweatomu. Iwo anoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira geology, climatology, uye biology.
Mune geology, okisijeni isotopes inoshandiswa kudzidza paleoclimate uye paleoenvironments nekuongorora oksijeni isotope ratios mu sedimentary matombo. Muchidzidzo chemamiriro ekunze, anoshandiswa kudzidza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze apfuura nekuyera oxygen isotope ratios mu ice cores. Pamusoro pezvo, mubiology, oxygen isotopes inoshandiswa kuteedzera mafambiro emhuka uye kunzwisisa mafambiro anoita mhuka kunharaunda dzakasiyana.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvinhu zveokisijeni uye maitiro ayo.