Kana mhepo ichivhuvhuta zvine simba pamusoro peivhu rakaoma risina zvinomera, madutu ejecha neguruva anowanzoitika mugwenga nepakati pemagwenga. Madutu aya anowanzo buritsa zvimedu zvakakura zvemhepo. Zviitiko zvikuru zvemuchadenga zvinowanzobatanidza kukwira kwezvimedu kusvika pakakwirira mumhepo uye kutakurwa kwazvo kunozotevera pamadaro mahombe, dzimwe nguva kuyambuka makungwa.
Mhedzisiro yejecha nedutu reguruva pamakungwa
Kunetsekana nezve nzanga uye zvazvinoita pakubudirira kweSustainable Development Goals (SDGs) kuri kukura pakati pehurumende nenharaunda dzepasirese. Kuwanda uye kuwanda kwedambudziko iri kunogona kusiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Nguva dzemadutu eguruva dzinoitika kakawanda mukati megore uye dzinoratidzwa nekubatana kwakasimba nekushanduka kwemwaka. Kusiyana kwehunhu hwayo kunogona kuita shanduko huru pagore. Pamusoro pezvo, vanoratidza hunhu hwekugamuchira kumamiriro ekusanaya kwemvura uye zvimwe zvakatipoteredza.
Zvinhu zvinopa chiitiko ichi zvinosanganisira El Niño-Southern Oscillation uye North Atlantic Oscillation. Matunhu enyika asina mvura anokanganiswa zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekunze aya.
Madutu ejecha neguruva anogara achingotanga munzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzeNorthern Hemisphere, kusanganisira North Africa, Middle East, uye maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, nechepakati, uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia. Nzvimbo idzi dzinoshanda senzvimbo huru dzejecha nedutu guru, uye kune nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinopa chiitiko ichi.
Kune madiki uye mashoma ane simba masosi ari munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, seSouth America, kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kweAfrica, Australia neIceland. Kukosha kwezviwanikwa izvi, maererano kune mumwe nemumwe, kunoramba kusingazivikanwe.
Gwenga reSahara
Sahara Desert ndiyo inonyanya kupa huruva kumatunhu erenje, zvese kuburikidza nemasikirwo ekukukurwa kwemhepo uye izvo zvakanyanya kukanganiswa nezviitwa nevanhu, kunyanya nekuda kwekusakwana kwekuita zvekurima uye kushandiswa kwemvura yakawandisa. Iri renje rakakura rinoburitsa huruva yakawanda kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe magwenga ari munyika.
Kukanganisa kwekubuda kweguruva pamwero wepasi rose kwakakosha uye kunomiririra 55% yezvese zvinobuda. Mhedzisiro yekubuda uku kunonyanya kuzivikanwa munzvimbo dzakaita seNorth Atlantic, Gungwa reCaribbean, Gungwa reMedithera neGungwa Dzvuku. Pagore, madutu ejecha neguruva anotakura zvimedu zvakawanda kuburikidza nenzvimbo idzi.
Guruva remugwenga rinoumbwa nematani angangoita 500 miriyoni emaminerari, chikafu, uye ese ari maviri organic uye inorganic matter. Kuvapo kweguruva kune kukanganisa kukuru pakusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu zvemugungwa, kushanda sechinhu chakakosha chekunze. Iko kusanganiswa kwezvikafu zvakakosha uye kutsvaga zvinhu.
Iyo metabolic process ye phytoplankton, zvinova zvipenyu zvine sero rimwe chete zvakakosha kumarudzi ese ehupenyu, zvinopesvedzerwa nekupihwa kwemuchadenga kwezvinhu izvi zvakakosha.
Kutenderera kwekabhoni, nitrogen, sarufa, phosphorus uye silicon mumakungwa kunonyanya kukanganiswa neakakosha madhiraivha.. Uyezve, iyo fetiraiza yeguruva inofungidzirwa kuita basa rakakosha mune aya biogeochemical kutenderera.
Kuvapo kweguruva remugwenga kune simba guru pakuonekwa kwealgae, iyo inoshanda sechikafu chakakosha chezvipenyu zvemugungwa. Nekudaro, mamwe marudzi ealgal blooms, anozivikanwa se "anokuvadza algal blooms," anogona kuve nemhedzisiro inokuvadza pahutano hwevanhu nehupfumi zviitiko. Uyezve, kuiswa kweguruva kunogonawo kukanganisa maitiro aya.
Chikonzero chekuumbwa kwe sargassum kwakakura kusinga zivikanwe muGungwa reCaribbean kubvira 2011, pamwe nekumahombekombe eWest Africa neBrazil muAtlantic Ocean, hazvisati zvazivikanwa.
Basa reguruva remugwenga mukusimudzira kukura kwe sargassum inyaya yegakava ririkuenderera mberi. Pane mukana wekuti kudya kunotakurwa neguruva remugwenga kunobatsira mukuwanda kwe sargassum. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kubatana pakati pekuumbwa kweguruva uye kukura kwealgae idzi.
Desert uye coral reef systems
Kugara zvakanaka kwemacoral reef kunokonzerwa nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakabatana uye, pakati pazvo, zvirwere zvakabuda sechinhu chikuru chekuparara kwemazuva ano kwekorori reef pasi rose. Zvizhinji zvezvirwere izvi zvine hukama nema microorganisms anotakurwa kuburikidza nekuiswa kweguruva regwenga.
Kuvapo kweguruva kunogona kuita kuti kuve panjodzi yecoral reef, zvichiita kuti vanyanye kubatwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kukanganisa hutano hwavo. Guruva rinoita basa rakakosha mukugara zvakanaka kwecoral reef.
Kuburitswa kwedimethyl sulfide (DMS) ne phytoplankton, iyo inoberekeswa neguruva remugwenga rine iron yakawanda, kungave nemigumisiro isina kunanga. Izvi zvinogadzira imwe cloud condensation nuclei, zvichikonzera kuti mhinduro dziite dzinokanganisa mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo. Guruva rinoitawo basa mukuita uku.
Kutenderera kwekabhoni yepasi rose kunokanganiswa zvakanyanya nebasa rinoitwa neguruva remugwenga, iro rinozove nemhedzisiro isina kunanga pamamiriro ekunze. Iri basa mhedzisiro yekudyidzana pakati peguruva remugwenga uye tupukanana tunoona nezvekutanga kugadzira. Zvakafanana nebhomba rinokonzera kutevedzana kwemaitiro ezvakatipoteredza.
Kukanganisa muSouthern Ocean
KuMaodzanyemba kweOcean, uko kubereka kwakakwira, kabhoni dhaikisaidhi uye kudya kunoshandurwa kuita organic kabhoni. Kabhoni iyi inobva yanyura pasi pegungwa, yoora, yozopedzisira yavigwa mumatope.
Kunyangwe kushaikwa kwesimbi kunogona kuisa miganhu pakugadzirwa kwekutanga, Kukosha kwayo kunova kunyanya kutaurwa mukushanda kweiyo biological carbon pump. Kusava nechokwadi kwakawanda kuchiripo panyaya iyi.
Pane zvidzidzo zvinosimbisa kukosha kwekuenderera mberi kwekutarisa nekutsvaga munzvimbo dzakakosha, izvo zvinogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemitemo inoshanda. Kunzwisisa kunowanikwa kubva mukutsvagisa kunogona kushanda sehwaro hwekugadzira nzira dzakakodzera.
